Mobility in Eurpoean Countries

This paper describes the methodology and results of studies carried out on mobility in European Countries by the authors in the framework of EPATS project (European Personal Air Transportation System). The objective of these studies was to analyse the main characteristics of the mobility in Europe when particularly focusing on the mobility features on the connections where personal aviation could potentially operate. Besides this general analysis of mobility in Europe we also focus on the mobility analysis in two particular countries: France and Poland. Both indeed belong to the countries with the highest traffic level in old European countries and new European countries. The mobility analysis made at a EU 15 level highlights that the long-distance journeys characteristics change according to the customer profile: business and leisure traveler do not travel the same way (difference in terms of transport mode, duration, traveler features (age, gender, etc.)). Characteristics of long-distance mobility therefore vary a lot according to the trip purpose. We identify that 15 223 connections between 28 countries can be considered as EPATS potential connections. All together these potential connections represent 24% of the total existing NUTS 2 connections in Europe. Despite the lack of detailed data on the traffic occurring on these connections the analysis manage to provide very interesting and important information on the current traffic levels and modal splits. The total traffic on the potential EPATS connections is 2400 billion passengers amongst whom 436 million travel to and from France and 93 million to and from Poland. The analysis also highlights the large market share of the road transport mode on these connections since 79% of the passengers travel by car. The air transport market share often exceeds the road one for distance over 1500 Km and reaches 100% for distances over 2000 Km. The road transport mode preponderance on the potential EPATS connections hence tend to mean that the traditional air transportation is often less competitive than the road transport mode. But could a different way of travelling by air such as the personal aviation be an alternative to the traditional air transport as well as to road transport. The answer to this question is the next step of the analysis aiming at assessing the traffic that could be potentially transferred to EPATS by 2020 as well as the EPATS aircraft fleet that would be necessary to satisfy this demand

Synthesis of EPATS demand estimation

A mode choice model that generates on demand small aircraft travel forecasts between NUTS-2 regions connections of 28 EU countries based on interregional passengers mobility and value of time and vehicle performance characteristics is presented. The paper explains Small Aircraft Transport demand modeling at the EU mobility and airspace levels. The model is based on the assumption, that the passenger chooses the mode of transport, which minimizes their generalized cost of travel. The model has been developed under the project EPATS (European Personal Air Transportation System) funded by EU Commission. The model gives an instrument to evaluate the potential transfer of passenger demand to personal aviation by 2020 and the fleet of EPATS aircraft that would be needed to satisfy this demand. The estimations have been made first at European level and then at national level for domestic traffic of two European countries: France and Poland

Antybakteryjne włókniny filtracyjne modyfikowane polilaktydowymi mikrosferami zawierającymi triclosan

The paper analyses the properties of filter nonwovens modified with triclosan-containing microspheres in order to obtain antibacterial effects. The carrier of triclosan consists of microspheres made of degraded polylactide (PLA) that gradually releases triclosan, providing a uniform dosing of the antibacterial effect. The incorporation of triclosan-containing microspheres into the structure of nonwovens was carried out by padding or spraying a bath containing 2.5% or 5% microspheres. The antibacterial effect and influence of the modification on the air permeability of the filter nonwovens were assessed. The stability of the antibacterial effect was assessed on the basis of simulation tests with the use of a test stand operating with an air conditioner. Analysis of the results obtained showed that the modification used allows one to attain very good antibacterial properties. Better effects can be obtained with the use of the padding technique than by spraying. The simulation tests of nonwoven padded with a bath containing 5% of microspheres and performed with the use of an air conditioner showed that the antibacterial effect was stable for 12 months.Przedmiotem publikacji jest analiza właściwości włóknin filtracyjnych modyfikowanych mikrosferami z triclosanem, w celu uzyskania efektu antybakteryjnego. Nośnikiem triclosanu są mikrosfery z degradowalnego polilaktydu (Polylactide - PLA), który powoduje stopniowe uwalnianie triclosanu zapewniając równomierne dawkowanie działania antybakteryjnego. Wprowadzenie mikrosfer z triclosanem w strukturę włóknin wykonano metodą napawania i natryskiwania kąpielą zawierającą 2,5 i 5% mikrosfer. Dokonano oceny efektu antybakteryjnego oraz wpływu modyfikacji na przepuszczalność powietrza włóknin filtracyjnych. Trwałość efektu antybakteryjnego oceniono na podstawie symulacyjnych badań na stanowisku badawczym pracującym z urządzeniem klimatyzacyjnym. Analiza wyników wykazała, że zastosowana modyfikacja pozwala na uzyskanie bardzo dobrych właściwości antybakteryjnych. Lepsze efekty uzyskuje się przy zastosowaniu techniki napawania niż natryskiwania. Badania symulacyjne, na urządzeniu klimatyzacyjnym, włókniny napawanej kąpielą o stężeniu 5% mikrosfer, wykazały trwałość efektu antybakteryjnego w okresie ponad 12 miesięcy