Conocimientos y actitudes frente a la vacuna contra el COVID-19: Knowledge and attitudes towards the covid-19 vaccine

Objective:The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine in the inhabitants of the province of Trujillo in the year 2021. Materials and methods:The type of study was applied, non experimental desing, with a quantitative approach, cross-sectional, and correlational level; a questionnaire for knowledge and attitudes was administered to a total of 500 adults in the province of Trujillo.   Results: The results show that 88% of the population has a good level of knowledge about the vaccine, and 91% of them have an adequate attitude to be vaccinated.   Conclusions: In this way, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes towards the vaccine against COVID-19 (p value<0.05).  The level of knowledge is a protective factor (OR: 0.43; CI: 0.2318-0.8053) for an adequate attitude to be vaccinated.Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes frente a la vacuna contra el COVID 19 en los pobladores de la provincia de Trujillo en el año 2021. Métodos: El tipo de estudio fue aplicado, diseño no experimental, de enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal y nivel correlacional, se aplicó un cuestionario para conocimientos y actitudes a un total de 500 personas mayores de edad distribuidos en la provincia de Trujillo. Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que el 88% de la población tiene un buen nivel de conocimientos sobre la vacuna, así mismo el 91% de los mismos tiene una actitud adecuada para ser vacunados. Conclusiones: De esa manera se concluye que existe relación signicativa entre el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes frente a la vacuna contra la COVID-19 (valor de p <0,05). El nivel de conocimientos constituye un factor de protección (OR: 0,43; IC: 0,23-0,81) para una adecuada actitud para ser vacunado

Survey of Hemileia vastatrix races from Peru to identify potential coffee mutants with disease resistance

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

GC Insights: Lessons from participatory water quality research in the upper Santa River basin, Peru

Here we share four key lessons from an inter-disciplinary project (Nuestro Rio) that gathered community perspectives on local water quality in the Santa River basin (Peru) utilising a digital technological approach where we collected data via a novel photo elicitation app, supported by a field work campaign. The lessons explored in this article provide insights into challenges and opportunities for researchers considering developing technological tools for encouraging participation and engagement in marginalised communities

Transposons played a major role in the diversification between the closely related almond and peach genomes: Results from the almond genome sequence

We sequenced the genome of the highly heterozygous almond Prunus dulcis cv. Texas combining short and long‐read sequencing. We obtained a genome assembly totaling 227.6 Mb of the estimated 238 Mb almond genome size, of which 91% is anchored to eight pseudomolecules corresponding to its haploid chromosome complement, and annotated 27,969 protein‐coding genes and 6,747 non‐coding transcripts. By phylogenomic comparison with the genomes of 16 additional close and distant species we estimated that almond and peach (P. persica) diverged around 5.88 Mya. These two genomes are highly syntenic and show a high degree of sequence conservation (20 nucleotide substitutions/kb). However, they also exhibit a high number of presence/absence variants, many attributable to the movement of transposable elements (TEs). TEs have generated an important number of presence/absence variants between almond and peach, and we show that the recent history of TE movement seems markedly different between them. TEs may also be at the origin of important phenotypic differences between both species, and in particular, for the sweet kernel phenotype, a key agronomic and domestication character for almond. Here we show that in sweet almond cultivars, highly methylated TE insertions surround a gene involved in the biosynthesis of amygdalin, whose reduced expression has been correlated with the sweet almond phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest a key role of TEs in the recent history and diversification of almond and its close relative peach.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aislamiento de Candida albicans de hisopado nasal y faríngeo en alumnos de secundaria

Objective: To determine the presence of Candida albicans in throat and nasal secretion in high school students. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Participants: High school students from San Juan Macias School in Santa Anita, Lima, Peru. Interventions: Nasal and throat samples were collected from 102 14-17 year-old students. Samples were grown on sabouraud agar and Candida CHROMOagar and identified by chlamydospores study and metabolic tests. Main outcome measures: Identification of C. albicans yeast. Results: Candida yeast was isolated from 11 students (10.8%). A significant percentage of yeast (36.4%) developed moderate resistance to fluconazole. Conclusions: Continuous surveillance of medically important yeasts in nasopharyngeal carriers is suggested in order to be prepared for eventual infectious conditions.Introducción: Candida sp puede encontrarse como comensal en equilibrio en la cavidad bucal humana; pero, en la población pediátrica y adolescente con un sistema inmune inmaduro las condiciones de la levadura se tornarían favorables para su patogenia. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de Candida albicans en secreción faríngea y nasal en alumnos de educación secundaria. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Lugar: Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Alumnos del 4° (52) y 5° (50) años de secundaria. Intervenciones: En octubre del 2007, las muestras nasales y faríngeas de 102 estudiantes de 14 a 17 años fueron colectadas en medios de transporte y luego cultivadas en los laboratorios del Instituto de Medicina Tropical, en agar sabouraud y CHROMOagar Candida. Se identificó las colonias sospechosas de Candida sp mediante el estudio de clamiodoconidias, tubo germinativo y pruebas metabólicas. Principales medidas de resultados: Identificación de levaduras de Candida sp. Resultados: Se aisló levaduras del género Cándida en 11 de los escolares (10,8%). El 36,4% de las levaduras presentó resistencia moderada al antimicótico fluconazol. Conclusiones: Es recomendable continuar con estudios de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre las levaduras de importancia médica en portadores nasofaríngeos, con el fin estar preparados ante eventuales cuadros infecciosos

Rapid transcriptional plasticity of duplicated gene clusters enables a clonally reproducing aphid to colonise diverse plant species

Background: The prevailing paradigm of host-parasite evolution is that arms races lead to increasing specialisation via genetic adaptation. Insect herbivores are no exception and the majority have evolved to colonise a small number of closely related host species. Remarkably, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, colonises plant species across 40 families and single M. persicae clonal lineages can colonise distantly related plants. This remarkable ability makes M. persicae a highly destructive pest of many important crop species. Results: To investigate the exceptional phenotypic plasticity of M. persicae, we sequenced the M. persicae genome and assessed how one clonal lineage responds to host plant species of different families. We show that genetically identical individuals are able to colonise distantly related host species through the differential regulation of genes belonging to aphid-expanded gene families. Multigene clusters collectively upregulate in single aphids within two days upon host switch. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional significance of this rapid transcriptional change using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down of genes belonging to the cathepsin B gene family. Knock-down of cathepsin B genes reduced aphid fitness, but only on the host that induced upregulation of these genes. Conclusions: Previous research has focused on the role of genetic adaptation of parasites to their hosts. Here we show that the generalist aphid pest M. persicae is able to colonise diverse host plant species in the absence of genetic specialisation. This is achieved through rapid transcriptional plasticity of genes that have duplicated during aphid evolution

Analysis of the olive genome

Bibliografia.El olivo (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) es una planta icónica en el Mediterráneo por razones culturales, históricas y biológicas. El olivo como especie está formado por seis subespecies (europaea, maroccana, cerasiformis, laperrinei, guanchica, y cuspidata) que juntas forman el llamado complejo O. europaea. Del mismo modo, la subsp. europaea se divide en dos variedades: var. europaea, que comprende las formas cultivadas, y var. sylvestris (también llamado oleaster), que incluye las formas silvestres del Mediterráneo. El olivo ha sido cultivado intensivamente desde hace aproximadamente 6,000 años, coincidiendo con la emergencia de civilizaciones tempranas en el Mediterráneo. Debido al gran interés en sus frutos, como aceitunas de mesa y como material para aceite de oliva, el olivo es considerado un cultivo esencial en la cuenca Mediterránea. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo aportar conocimientos sobre la biologııa y la evolución de los olivos cultivados y linajes cercanos. Con este fin, secuenciamos, ensamblamos y anotamos un genoma de referencia correspondiente a un único individuo (O. europaea L. var. europaea). Análisis filogenómicos y evaluaciones del coverage relativo de alelos sugieren que en la historia evolutiva del olivo ocurrieron un mıınimo de cuatro poliploidizaciones. Dos alopoliploidizaciones localizadas en la base de la familia Oleaceae (Eoceno - Cretácico tardııo) y en la base de la tribu Oleeae; seguidas de dos poliploidizaciones en el ancestro de O. europaea (Mioceno-Plioceno) luego de su divergencia de Phillyrea angustifolia. Con el objetivo de estudiar la diversidad y las relaciones filogenéticas en el complejo O. europaea, secuenciamos adicionalmente el genoma de al menos un individuo por cada subespecie. Nuestros resultados muestran que los olivos cultivados tienen menos diversidad nucleotııdica cuando son comparados con los linajes silvestres. Diferentes genes están bajo selección positiva en cada cultivariedad incluida en este estudio ('Arbequina', 'Beladi', 'Farga', 'Picual', 'Sorani'). Además de hibridación que involucra poliploidización, los análisis filogenómicos revelaron extensivos procesos de hibridazación homoploide entre los lineajes del complejo O. europaea, que resulta en un continuo flujo genético desde olivos silvestres hacia olivos domesticados. En particular, el cv. 'Farga' tiene un origen diferente a las otras cultivariedades incluidas en este estudio y aporta evidencia de domesticación secundaria en la penıınsula Ibérica. En resumen, este estudio permite entender la historia evolutiva de O. europaea, y descubre un complejo escenario de poliploidizaciones e hibridaciones que han resultado en duplicaciones génicas recurrentes.The olive tree (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) is an iconic plant of Mediterranean countries for cultural, historical and biological reasons. The olive species comprises six subspecies (europaea, maroccana, cerasiformis, laperrinei, guanchica, and cuspidata) that together form the so-called O. europaea complex. Likewise, the subsp. europaea is divided into two taxonomic varieties: var. europaea, that comprises all the cultivated forms, and var. sylvestris (also called oleaster), that includes the wild forms. The olive tree has been intensively cultivated since 6,000 years ago, coinciding with the emergence of early Mediterranean civilizations. Because of the interest of the drupes both as table olives and as raw material to produce olive oil, the olive tree is an essential crop across the Mediterranean basin. This doctoral thesis aims to provide insights into the biology and the evolution of the cultivated olive and relatives. To this end, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated a reference genome obtained from a single individual (O. europaea L. var. europaea). Phylogenomic analysis and assessment of allelic relative coverage suggest up to four polyploidization events in the evolutionary history of the olive. Two ancient allopolyploidization events at the base of the family Oleaceae (Eocene-Late Cretaceous), and the tribe Oleeae (Oligocene-Miocene), followed by two polyploidizations in the ancestor of O. europaea (Miocene-Pliocene) since its divergence from Phillyrea angustifolia. In order to study the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the O. europaea complex, we additionally sequenced the genome of at least one individual per subspecies. Our results show that cultivated olive trees exhibit less nucleotide diversity when compared with wild relatives. Different sets of genes were found to be under positive selection in each cultivar included in this study ('Arbequina', 'Beladi', 'Farga', 'Picual', 'Sorani'). In addition to hybridization involving polyploidization (allopolyploidization), phylogenomic analysis revealed extensive homoploid hybridization among lineages of the O. europaea complex, which results in a continuous gene flow from wild to domesticated olive trees. In particular, cv. 'Farga' has a different origin than the other cultivars included in this study, and shows evidence for secondary domestication events in the Iberian Peninsula. In summary, this study helps unravel the evolutionary history of O. europaea, and uncover a complex scenario of polyploidization and hybridization that resulted in recurrent gene duplications