Wild vascular plants gathered for consumption in the Polish countryside: a review

BACKGROUND: This paper is an ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants gathered for consumption from the end of the 18(th )century to the present day, within the present borders of Poland. METHODS: 42 ethnographic and botanical sources documenting the culinary use of wild plants were analyzed. RESULTS: The use of 112 species (3.7% of the flora) has been recorded. Only half of them have been used since the 1960s. Three species: Cirsium rivulare, Euphorbia peplus and Scirpus sylvaticus have never before been reported as edible by ethnobotanical literature. The list of wild edible plants which are still commonly gathered includes only two green vegetables (Rumex acetosa leaves for soups and Oxalis acetosella as children's snack), 15 folk species of fruits and seeds (Crataegus spp., Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus spp., Rosa canina, Rubus idaeus, Rubus sect. Rubus, Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea) and four taxa used for seasoning or as preservatives (Armoracia rusticana root and leaves, Carum carvi seeds, Juniperus communis pseudo-fruits and Quercus spp. leaves). The use of other species is either forgotten or very rare. In the past, several species were used for food in times of scarcity, most commonly Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica, U. urens, Elymus repens, Oxalis acetosella and Cirsium spp., but now the use of wild plants is mainly restricted to raw consumption or making juices, jams, wines and other preserves. The history of the gradual disappearance of the original barszcz, Heracleum sphondylium soup, from Polish cuisine has been researched in detail and two, previously unpublished, instances of its use in the 20(th )century have been found in the Carpathians. An increase in the culinary use of some wild plants due to media publications can be observed. CONCLUSION: Poland can be characterized as a country where the traditions of culinary use of wild plants became impoverished very early, compared to some parts of southern Europe. The present use of wild plants, even among the oldest generation, has been almost entirely restricted to fruits

Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Fe Nanowire Arrays Electrodeposited in Self-Ordered Alumina Membrane

Magnetic properties of Fe nanowire arrays (NWs) electrodeposited in anodic alumina membranes have been studied. The influence of nanowire geometry (length, pore diameter) and an external magnetic field applied during electrodeposition process on the magnetic properties of nanowire arrays was investigated. With the use of the X-ray diffraction analysis the structure of iron wires was determined. The iron wires have the regular Body Centered Cubic structure. Magnetic measurements show that shape anisotropy aligns the preferential magnetization axis along the wire axis. It was found that the application of an external magnetic field in a parallel direction to the sample surface induces magnetic anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetization following the nanowire axis. The dependence of the height of Fe wires on the electrodeposition time was determined

Morfologia warstewek tlenku glinu otrzymanych w procesie anodowego utleniania aluminium w roztworze kwasu ortofosforowego. Elektroosadzanie stopów CoFe w porach otrzymanego tlenku

The optimal parameters of the anodic oxidation of aluminium in orthophosphoric acid solution was determined. In the pores of the obtained Al2O3 membranes with the ordered nanometric structure Co-Fe alloys were electrodeposited. The Al2O3 membranes were obtained in the two-stage anodic oxidation of aluminium in the 0.17 M H3PO4 solution in the temperature 1°C and at the electrolysis voltage 180 V. The influence of the anodizing process parameters on the thickness of oxide films and the diameter of pores and the distance between them in the alumina membranes were determined. The electrodeposition of Co-Fe alloys was carried out from sulphate baths containing sulphates (VI) of copper (II) and cobalt (II) of different composition, in potentiostatic conditions. The optimal electrolysis conditions were determined, where the cathodic deposits of the best quality were obtained. The conditions are: the electrolyte composition: 0.3 M Fe; 0.5 M Co; pH = 3, the potential: -0.760 V (vs. SHE)).Określono optymalne parametry' anodowego utleniania aluminium w roztworze kwasu ortofosforowego W porach uzyska- nych membran AI2O3, o uporządkowanej strukturze nanometrycznej. osadzano elektrolitycznie stopy Co-Fe. Membrany AI2O3 otrzymywano w procesie dwuetapowego utleniania aluminium w roztworze 0.17 M H3PO4. w temperaturze 1°C, przy napięciu elektrolizy 180 V. Zbadano wpływ parametrów anodowania na grubość warstewek tlenkowych, średnicę porów i odległości między nimi w membranach tlenku glinu. Elektroosadzanie stopów Co-Fe prowadzono z roztworów siarczanowych (VI) zawierających jony miedzi (II) i kobaltu (U) o różnym składzie, w warunkach potencjostatycznych. Określono optymalne warunki elektrolizy, w których otrzymano osady katodowe najlepszej jakości. A mianowicie: skład elektrolitu : 0,3 M Fe: 0,5 M Co: pH = 3, potential: -0.760 V (wzgl. SEW)

Warstwy AL2O3-Me uzyskane metodą elektrochemiczną

Fine membranes with controlled size of pores were produced by the two step anodizing process of the aluminium in oxalic acid solution. Highly ordered Co, Fe and CoFe nanowire arrays were prepared by two electrodeposition techniques: pulsed (PED) and potentiostatic electrodeposition (DC) into the anodic alumina membrane (AAM) templates. It has been observed that both experimental methods (PED, DC) enable the embedding of Co, Fe as well as CoFe alloy into the pores of the AAM with a high aspect ratio.Membrany z kontrolowaną średnicą porów zostały otrzymane w procesie dwuetapowego anodowania aluminium w roztworze kwasu szczawiowego. Wysoko uporządkowane nanodruty Co, Fe oraz stopu CoFe uzyskano w procesie elektroosadzania metalu na membranie anodowego tlenku glinu (AAM), przy użyciu dwóch technik prądowych: pulsacyjnego (PED) i potencjostatycznego (DC) elektroosadzania na membranie. Zaobserwowano, że w obu eksperymentalnych metodach (PED, DC) jest możliwe wbudowanie Co, Fe oraz stopu CoFe w porach anodowego tlenku aluminium o wysokim współczynniku geometrii kształtu

Własności magnetyczne nanodrutów Co-Fe otrzymanych w procesie elektroosadzania w porach membrany tlenku glinu

The nanowires of Co66-Fe34 alloy were obtained in the process of the electrodeposition in the pores of alumina membrane. With the use of the X-ray diffraction analysis the structure of cobalt-iron alloy wires was determined. The wires have the regular Body Centred Cubic structure (BCC). The influence of membrane parameters, an external magnetic field, and the annealing temperature on the magnetic properties of alloy wires was investigated. The obtained nanowires show a high shape anisotropy in the direction perpendicular to the membrane surface of anodic alumina. It was found that the highest influence on the magnetic properties of the wires has their geometry (height, diameter, and the distance between them). The use of an external magnetic field directed perpendicular to the sample surface during the electrodeposition process and additional thermal treatment (annealing) causes a slight increase of the coercive field, remanence, and volume energy density.Nanodruty stopu Co66-Fe34 uzyskano w procesie elektroosadzania w porach membrany tlenku glinu. Przy pomocy dyfrakcyjnej analizy rentgenowskiej określono strukturę drutów stopu kobalt -żelazo. Druty wykazują strukturę regularną przestrzennie centrowaną (RPC) (ang. BCC). Zbadano wpływ parametrów membrany, zewnętrznego pola magnetycznego oraz temperatury wyżarzania na własności magnetyczne drutów stopowych. Uzyskane nanodruty wykazują wysoką anizotropię kształtu w kierunku prostopadłym do powierzchni membrany anodowego tlenku glinu. Stwierdzono, że największy wpływ na własności magnetyczne ma geometria drutów (wysokość, średnica oraz odległości między nimi). Zastosowanie zewnetrznego pola magnetycznego w kierunku prostopadłym do powierzchni próbki podczas procesu elektroosadzania oraz dodatkowej obróbki termicznej (wyzarzania) powoduje niewielki wzrost pola koercji, remanencji oraz gęstości objętościowej energii

The Morphology of the Alumina Films Formed tn The Anodization Process of Aluminium in the Orthophosphoric Acid Solution. The Co-Fe Alloys Electrodeposition Into Obtained Alumina Pores

The optimal parameters of the anodic oxidation of aluminium in orthophosphoric acid solution was determined. In the pores of the obtained Al2O3 membranes with the ordered nanometric structure Co-Fe alloys were electrodeposited. The Al2O3 membranes were obtained in the two-stage anodic oxidation of aluminium in the 0.17 M H3PO4 solution in the temperature 1°C and at the electrolysis voltage 180 V. The influence of the anodizing process parameters on the thickness of oxide films and the diameter of pores and the distance between them in the alumina membranes were determined. The electrodeposition of Co-Fe alloys was carried out from sulphate baths containing sulphates (VI) of copper (II) and cobalt (II) of different composition, in potentiostatic conditions. The optimal electrolysis conditions were determined, where the cathodic deposits of the best quality were obtained. The conditions are: the electrolyte composition: 0.3 M Fe; 0.5 M Co; pH = 3, the potential: -0.760 V (vs. SHE)).Określono optymalne parametry' anodowego utleniania aluminium w roztworze kwasu ortofosforowego W porach uzyska- nych membran AI2O3, o uporządkowanej strukturze nanometrycznej. osadzano elektrolitycznie stopy Co-Fe. Membrany AI2O3 otrzymywano w procesie dwuetapowego utleniania aluminium w roztworze 0.17 M H3PO4. w temperaturze 1°C, przy napięciu elektrolizy 180 V. Zbadano wpływ parametrów anodowania na grubość warstewek tlenkowych, średnicę porów i odległości między nimi w membranach tlenku glinu. Elektroosadzanie stopów Co-Fe prowadzono z roztworów siarczanowych (VI) zawierających jony miedzi (II) i kobaltu (U) o różnym składzie, w warunkach potencjostatycznych. Określono optymalne warunki elektrolizy, w których otrzymano osady katodowe najlepszej jakości. A mianowicie: skład elektrolitu : 0,3 M Fe: 0,5 M Co: pH = 3, potential: -0.760 V (wzgl. SEW)