The Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Personal Contact in the Office Sector : The Case of Seoul - Research Proposal

This research will examine the spatio-temporal pattern of office ("quarternary") sector. When examining various activities in the office sector, information appears as key concept. Though much of the information can be readily transacted by telecommunication, the qualitative essential parts of it still require office workers to travel and to meet(or to make personal contact). This study is primarily concerned with personal contact. Special reference is made to Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Retrospectively, the pattern is a product resulting from interaction between office workers' intentional behavior and constraints surrounding office activities. The pattern apparently influences the locational decision of office activities over time which, in turn, shapes daily office activity patterns. I will focus my research on: (1) the activity patterns of office jobs in spatio-temporal terms, particularly in regard to personal contact, and (2) the impact of the patterns on the out-of-job daily life of office workers, especially with reference to their family togetherness. This dissertation topic is related to several areas of research in urban and regional development. First, even if Korea today is not postindustrial, it is still true that in recent years office workers have become a growing sector of the urban labor force. This has raised questions as to how and in what ways office activities have been localized in urban space. The locational patterns of office jobs call for a deliberate discussion from such planning criteria as efficiency and equity. Second, power relationships as hierarchically conceived among office sectors in the complex of urban external economies seem to be one of the important variables which greatly influence the location of office activities. Existing literatures on office location theory have not explicitly attempted to deal with the power relationships as a crucial location factor. Therefore, an understanding of office location behavior in this respect would contribute to the design and evaluation of office location policy. It will improve national urban policy aimed at the dispersal of office activities in big cities toward other growth centers, and policies aimed toward the spatial reorganization of major urban sectors centering around office stations within a metropolitan region. Third, the quality of life within the urban labor force deserves major consideration from urban and regional planners. As regards office workers, the quality of their lives has drawn scant attention because their wages have been comparatively high. This is an outgrowth of the simple and often false observation that income is a sufficient indicator ·of the quality of life. Contacts in which office workers are engaged primarily with other people and partly with facilities are space-and time-bound so that they might affect the .quality of their daily lives. Accordingly, an alternative approach to the quality of office workers' daily lives in spatio-temporal terms is worthy of study. There is a need for research, since there is no previous adequate study on this subjects, especially with reference to a developing country like Korea. The following section presents a definition of the problem, the hypotheses to test, and some background on the structure of the office sector in Seoul. Section 2 reviews the -current literature related to the subject. Section 3 introduces a' research model followed by critical assessments of urban time and space studies. Section 4 briefly discusses the proposed research design. Finally, Section 5 addresses application of the research findings to urban policy

Social Factors of Migration from Rural to Urban Areas : with Special Reference to Developing Countries The Case of Korea

This paper aims at elaborating social factors related to internal migration in a developing country, Korea. As of date, there is quite a lot of quality literature which provides a good overview of the current state of knowledge concerning internal migration in a comprehensive and appropriate manner. This literature pays greater attention to internal migration in developing countries. For this reason, the discussion in this paper is confined to recent Korean experience. And social factors will be taken in a broader sense, that is, as societal one in that they may cover social, economic, cultural and psychological aspects. This is so because social aspects are closely interlocked with other sectoral elements. This study will be made primarily on the basis of a literature survey covering qualitative reports as well as raw data such as population census. In this paper, internal migration is defined as the mobility of people between regions, which differs from residential mobility which happens within cities or urban areas. Furthermore, migration is conceived as implying socio-economic mobility. This point can be justified in the sense that urban-rural migration in the geographical sense is more likely to refer to job transfers from agricultural to non-agricultural activities in the socio-economic sense

The Modern Evolution of Environmentalism : The Case of Korea, 1960~1989

This paper is aimed to observe the evolution of social consciousness in environmental awareness and the developmental phases of measures to protect the environment in Korea. The study in this paper covers the last three decades (1960-1989). During that time, Korean society has moved from a state of absolute poverty to that of the wealth associated with industrialization. Korea has thus been transformed into one of the most prominent newly industrializing countries in the world. The successful industrialization of Korea was the product of the economic growth first movement. At that time, there was next to no social perception of the possible detrimental environmental effects of the industrialization and its concomitant urbanization. Fortunately, however, the situation has been constantly changing over the last thirty years. As the per capita income rose with the increasing industrialization, the environment was more and more adversely affected: people began to see their daily lives directly threatened. It seems meaningful and important to observe the evolution of social consciousness in environmental awareness and the developmental phases of measures to protect the environment for two main reasons. Firstly, though the environment has been severely affected, economic growth has been unprecedented in the world

Editorial: Community series in mycoviruses and related viruses infecting fungi, lower eukaryotes, plants and insects, volume II

© 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Peer reviewe

Molecular characterization of Pvr9 that confers a hypersensitive response to Pepper mottle virus (a potyvirus) in Nicotiana benthamiana

AbstractThere are some R genes against potyviruses which were mapped in pepper. However, none of them has been characterized at the molecular level. In this study, we characterized Pvr9 which is an Rpi-blb2 ortholog from pepper and confers a hypersensitive response to Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) in a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana. This gene putatively encoded for 1298 amino acids and is located on pepper chromosome 6. PepMoV NIb was the elicitor of the Pvr9-mediated hypersensitive response. NIb from several other potyviruses also elicited the hypersensitive response. Inoculation of pepper with PepMoV resulted in a minor increase in Pvr9 transcription in the resistant cultivar CM334 and a slight down-regulation in the susceptible cultivar Floral Gem. The 5′ upstream region of Pvr9 from cultivar CM334 had higher transcription activity than the region from cultivar Floral Gem. The cultivars CM334 and Floral Gem had non-functional Pvr9 homologs with loss-of-function mutations

Cross-comparison of cardiac output trending accuracy of LiDCO, PiCCO, FloTrac and pulmonary artery catheters

Introduction: Although less invasive than pulmonary artery catheters (PACs), arterial pulse pressure analysis techniques for estimating cardiac output (CO) have not been simultaneously compared to PAC bolus thermodilution CO (COtd) or continuous CO (CCO) devices.Methods: We compared the accuracy, bias and trending ability of LiDCO™, PiCCO™ and FloTrac™ with PACs (COtd, CCO) to simultaneously track CO in a prospective observational study in 17 postoperative cardiac surgery patients for the first 4 hours following intensive care unit admission. Fifty-five paired simultaneous quadruple CO measurements were made before and after therapeutic interventions (volume, vasopressor/dilator, and inotrope).Results: Mean CO values for PAC, LiDCO, PiCCO and FloTrac were similar (5.6 ± 1.5, 5.4 ± 1.6, 5.4 ± 1.5 and 6.1 ± 1.9 L/min, respectively). The mean CO bias by each paired method was -0.18 (PAC-LiDCO), 0.24 (PAC-PiCCO), -0.43 (PAC-FloTrac), 0.06 (LiDCO-PiCCO), -0.63 (LiDCO-FloTrac) and -0.67 L/min (PiCCO-FloTrac), with limits of agreement (1.96 standard deviation, 95% confidence interval) of ± 1.56, ± 2.22, ± 3.37, ± 2.03, ± 2.97 and ± 3.44 L/min, respectively. The instantaneous directional changes between any paired CO measurements displayed 74% (PAC-LiDCO), 72% (PAC-PiCCO), 59% (PAC-FloTrac), 70% (LiDCO-PiCCO), 71% (LiDCO-FloTrac) and 63% (PiCCO-FloTrac) concordance, but poor correlation (r2 = 0.36, 0.11, 0.08, 0.20, 0.23 and 0.11, respectively). For mean CO < 5 L/min measured by each paired devices, the bias decreased slightly.Conclusions: Although PAC (COTD/CCO), FloTrac, LiDCO and PiCCO display similar mean CO values, they often trend differently in response to therapy and show different interdevice agreement. In the clinically relevant low CO range (< 5 L/min), agreement improved slightly. Thus, utility and validation studies using only one CO device may potentially not be extrapolated to equivalency of using another similar device. © 2010 Hadian et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Jamming transition in a highly dense granular system under vertical vibration

The dynamics of the jamming transition in a three-dimensional granular system under vertical vibration is studied using diffusing-wave spectroscopy. When the maximum acceleration of the external vibration is large, the granular system behaves like a fluid, with the dynamic correlation function G(t) relaxing rapidly. As the acceleration of vibration approaches the gravitational acceleration g, the relaxation of G(t) slows down dramatically, and eventually stops. Thus the system undergoes a phase transition and behaves like a solid. Near the transition point, we find that the structural relaxation shows a stretched exponential behavior. This behavior is analogous to the behavior of supercooled liquids close to the glass transition.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.

Nicotiana benthamiana protein, NbPCIP1, interacting with Potato virus X coat protein plays a role as susceptible factor for viral infection

AbstractThe interactions of viral coat protein (CP) and host factors play an important role in viral replication and/or host defense mechanism. In this study, we constructed Nicotiana benthamiana cDNA library to find host factors interacting with Potato virus X (PVX) CP. Using yeast two-hybrid assay, we screened 3.3×106 independent yeast transformants from N. benthamiana cDNA library and identified six positive clones. One positive clone, named PVX CP-interacting protein 1 (NbPCIP1), is a plant-specific protein with homologue in N. tabacum (GenBank accession no. AB04049). We confirmed the PVX CP–NbPCIP1 interaction using yeast-two hybrid assay in yeast, protein–protein binding assay in vitro, and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assay in planta. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA level of NbPCIP1 increased in PVX-infected N. benthamiana plants as compared to that of healthy plants. The green fluorescent protein (sGFP)-fused NbPCIP1 (NbPCIP1-sGFP) was localized in ER or ER-associated granular-like structure of cells. When we co-express NbPCIP1-sGFP and red fluorescent protein (RFP)-fused PVX CP (PVX CP-RFP), which were introduced by transiently expressing these proteins in N. benthamiana protoplasts and epidermal cells, however, we observed the co-localization of these proteins in the inclusion body-like complex in areas surrounding nucleus. Transient over-expression and transgene silencing of NbPCIP1 assay analysis indicated that NbPCIP1 plays a critical role in viral replication during PVX infection in host plant