EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE CYBER-ATTACK SOURCE TRACEBACK TECHNOLOGIES FOR BRIGHT INTERNET

In order to cope with the various types of cyber-attacks in the Internet, several methods of tracking the source of attack have been developed. However, until recently, most of them are defensive security methods rather than preventive one. In order to settle the Bright Internet, which is still in its early stage, it is necessary to establish a technical source tracking method. For this, a standard and evaluation criteria are needed to determine which technology would be appropriate for the Bright Internet requirements. In this paper, we classify cyber-attack source traceback technologies and derive some criteria for the evaluation of the technologies for the Bright Internet. Using the criteria, we can evaluate existing traceback technologies from the perspective of the Bright Internet. In this article, we try to evaluate SAVA, PPM, iTrace, Controlled flooding, Input Debugging, Central Track, IPSec, SPIE(Hash-based), and Marking+Logging methods. Based on this research, future research will require in-depth verification of traceback technologies that reflects all the principles of the Bright Internet in practice

Effects of Symmetry Energy on the Equation of State for Hybrid Neutron Stars

In this paper, the implications of the symmetry energy on the hadron and quark phase transitions in the compact star, including the properties of the possible configurations of the quark-hadron hybrid stars, are investigated in the frameworks of the energy-density functional (EDF) models and the flavor SU(2) Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model with the help of the Schwinger's covariant proper-time regularization (PTR) scheme. In this {theoretical setup}, the equations of states (EoSs) of hadronic matter for various values of symmetry energies obtained from the EDF models are employed to describe the hadronic matter, and the {flavor} SU(2) NJL model with various repulsive-vector interaction strengths are used to describe the quark matter. We then observe the obtained EoS in the mass-radius properties of the hybrid star configurations for various vector interactions and nuclear symmetry energies by solving the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation. We obtain that the critical density at which the phase transition occurs varies over the density (3.6--6.7)$\rho_0$ depending on the symmetry energy and the strength of the vector coupling $G_v$. The maximum mass of the neutron star (NS) is susceptible to $G_v$. When there is no repulsive force, the NS maximum mass is only about $1.5M_\odot$, but it becomes larger than $2.0M_\odot$ when the vector coupling constant is about half of the {attractive} scalar coupling constant. Surprisingly, the presence of the quark matter does not affect the canonical mass of NS ($1.4M_\odot$), so observing the canonical mass of NSs can provide unique constraints to the EoS of hadronic matter at high densities.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Neutrino propagation in the neutron star with uncertainties from nuclear, hadron, and particle physics

In the present work, we investigate the neutral-current neutrino-nucleon scattering in the nuclear medium using various energy-density functional (EDF) models such as the KIDS (Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU) and SLy4, together with the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model for the nucleon form factors at finite density. The differential cross section (DCS) and neutrino mean free path (NMFP) are computed numerically, considering the density-dependent nucleon form factors (DDFF) and neutrino structural properties such as the neutrino magnetic moment (NMM) and its electric charge radius (NCR). It turns out that the DDFF decreases the scattering cross-section, while the NCR increases it considerably. The effect of the NMM turns out to be almost negligible. We also observe that the value of the neutron effective mass is of importance in the neutron-star cooling process, indicating that for the neutron effective mass larger than the mass in free space, the neutrino can interact with matter at densities $\rho \gtrsim 1.5 \rho_0$ in the neutron star with radius 13 km.Comment: 16 pages, 2 tables, 12 figure

Role of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy on the neutrino mean free path in neutron star

The Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU energy density functional (KIDS-EDF) models, derived from the universal Skyrme functional, have been successfully and widely applied in describing the properties of finite nuclei and infinite nuclear matter. In the present work, we extend the applications of the KIDS-EDF models to investigate the implications of the nucleon effective mass and nuclear symmetry energy obtained from the KIDS-EDF models on the properties of neutron star (NS) and neutrino interaction with the NS constituents matter in the linear response approximation (LRA). We then analyze the total differential cross-section of neutrino, neutrino mean free path (NMFP), and the NS mass-radius (M-R) relations. We find that the NS M-R relations predictions for all KIDS-EDF models are in excellent agreement with the recent observations as well as the NICER result. Remarkable prediction results on the NMFPs are given by the KIDS0-m*77 and KIDS0-m*99 models with $M_n^* /M \lesssim 1$ which are quite higher in comparison with those obtained for the KIDS0, KIDS-A, and KIDS-B models with $M_n^*/M \gtrsim 1$. For the KIDS0, KIDS-A, and KIDS-B models, we obtain the $\lambda \lesssim R_{\textrm{NS}}$, indicating that these models support the slow NS cooling and neutrino trapping in NS. On the contrary, both KIDS0-m*77 and KIDS0-m*99 models support faster NS cooling and a small possibility of neutrino trapping within NS, predicting $\lambda \gtrsim R_{\textrm{NS}}$. More interestingly the NMFP decreases as the density and neutrino energy increase, which is consistent with those obtained in the Brussels-Montreal Skyrme (BSk17 and BSk18) models at saturation density.Comment: 24 pages, 2 tables, 22 figure

Volumetric Lung Nodule Segmentation using Adaptive ROI with Multi-View Residual Learning

Accurate quantification of pulmonary nodules can greatly assist the early diagnosis of lung cancer, which can enhance patient survival possibilities. A number of nodule segmentation techniques have been proposed, however, all of the existing techniques rely on radiologist 3-D volume of interest (VOI) input or use the constant region of interest (ROI) and only investigate the presence of nodule voxels within the given VOI. Such approaches restrain the solutions to investigate the nodule presence outside the given VOI and also include the redundant structures into VOI, which may lead to inaccurate nodule segmentation. In this work, a novel semi-automated approach for 3-D segmentation of nodule in volumetric computerized tomography (CT) lung scans has been proposed. The proposed technique can be segregated into two stages, at the first stage, it takes a 2-D ROI containing the nodule as input and it performs patch-wise investigation along the axial axis with a novel adaptive ROI strategy. The adaptive ROI algorithm enables the solution to dynamically select the ROI for the surrounding slices to investigate the presence of nodule using deep residual U-Net architecture. The first stage provides the initial estimation of nodule which is further utilized to extract the VOI. At the second stage, the extracted VOI is further investigated along the coronal and sagittal axis with two different networks and finally, all the estimated masks are fed into the consensus module to produce the final volumetric segmentation of nodule. The proposed approach has been rigorously evaluated on the LIDC dataset, which is the largest publicly available dataset. The result suggests that the approach is significantly robust and accurate as compared to the previous state of the art techniques.Comment: The manuscript is currently under review and copyright shall be transferred to the publisher upon acceptanc

MEDS-Net: Self-Distilled Multi-Encoders Network with Bi-Direction Maximum Intensity projections for Lung Nodule Detection

In this study, we propose a lung nodule detection scheme which fully incorporates the clinic workflow of radiologists. Particularly, we exploit Bi-Directional Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images of various thicknesses (i.e., 3, 5 and 10mm) along with a 3D patch of CT scan, consisting of 10 adjacent slices to feed into self-distillation-based Multi-Encoders Network (MEDS-Net). The proposed architecture first condenses 3D patch input to three channels by using a dense block which consists of dense units which effectively examine the nodule presence from 2D axial slices. This condensed information, along with the forward and backward MIP images, is fed to three different encoders to learn the most meaningful representation, which is forwarded into the decoded block at various levels. At the decoder block, we employ a self-distillation mechanism by connecting the distillation block, which contains five lung nodule detectors. It helps to expedite the convergence and improves the learning ability of the proposed architecture. Finally, the proposed scheme reduces the false positives by complementing the main detector with auxiliary detectors. The proposed scheme has been rigorously evaluated on 888 scans of LUNA16 dataset and obtained a CPM score of 93.6\%. The results demonstrate that incorporating of bi-direction MIP images enables MEDS-Net to effectively distinguish nodules from surroundings which help to achieve the sensitivity of 91.5% and 92.8% with false positives rate of 0.25 and 0.5 per scan, respectively

Allopurinol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury in Rat Urinary Bladders

Bladder ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and markedly elevates the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO) and thus can serve as an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. Here, a rat model was used to assess the ability of allopurinol treatment to ameliorate the deleterious effects of urinary bladder I/R injury. I/R injury reduced the in vitro contractile responses of longitudinal bladder strips, elevated XO activity in the plasma and bladder tissue, increased the bladder levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, reduced the bladder levels of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), and decreased and increased the bladder levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively. I/R injury also elevated lipid peroxidation in the bladder. Allopurinol treatment in the I/R injury was generated significantly ameliorating all I/R-induced changes. Moreover, an in situ fluorohistological approach also showed that allopurinol reduces the generation of intracellular superoxides enlarged by I/R injury. Together, the beneficial effects of allopurinol reducing ROS production may be mediated by normalizing the activity of the ERK, JNK, and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways and by controlling TNF-α expression

Assessment of the Suitability of Trauma Triage According to Physiological Criteria in Korea

Purpose A trauma center project for treating patients with trauma has been established in Korea. A trauma team is activated based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) field triage Step 1 for patient triage. Here, we determined if the currently applied criteria were appropriate for the triage of patients with trauma in Korea. Methods This retrospective study included patients who were taken to the regional trauma center from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019, and were registered in the Korean Trauma database. The rates for undertriage and overtriage were calculated from the in-field and in-hospital triage according to the CDC guidelines Step 1. Results Among the 9,383 patients transferred to the trauma center, 3,423 were directly transferred from the site and were investigated. The overall rates for undertriage and overtriage of these patients were 28.13% and 30.35%, respectively. For the patients who received in-field triage and were directly transferred to the trauma center, the rates for undertriage and overtriage were 27.92% and 32.39%, and 25.92% and 29.11% for in-hospital triage, respectively. The concordance rate of triage was 87.09%. Conclusion The current use of in-hospital triage physiological criteria as set out in the CDC guidelines Step 1, indicated an undertriage rate which was high and an overtriage rate within the acceptable range. Further studies on triaging patients with trauma are warranted. Improvements in the guidelines of the trauma center project are necessary and this needs to be supported by resources and training for field personnel