1,172 research outputs found
EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE CYBER-ATTACK SOURCE TRACEBACK TECHNOLOGIES FOR BRIGHT INTERNET
In order to cope with the various types of cyber-attacks in the Internet, several methods of tracking the source of attack have been developed. However, until recently, most of them are defensive security methods rather than preventive one. In order to settle the Bright Internet, which is still in its early stage, it is necessary to establish a technical source tracking method. For this, a standard and evaluation criteria are needed to determine which technology would be appropriate for the Bright Internet requirements. In this paper, we classify cyber-attack source traceback technologies and derive some criteria for the evaluation of the technologies for the Bright Internet. Using the criteria, we can evaluate existing traceback technologies from the perspective of the Bright Internet. In this article, we try to evaluate SAVA, PPM, iTrace, Controlled flooding, Input Debugging, Central Track, IPSec, SPIE(Hash-based), and Marking+Logging methods. Based on this research, future research will require in-depth verification of traceback technologies that reflects all the principles of the Bright Internet in practice
Effects of Symmetry Energy on the Equation of State for Hybrid Neutron Stars
In this paper, the implications of the symmetry energy on the hadron and
quark phase transitions in the compact star, including the properties of the
possible configurations of the quark-hadron hybrid stars, are investigated in
the frameworks of the energy-density functional (EDF) models and the flavor
SU(2) Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model with the help of the Schwinger's
covariant proper-time regularization (PTR) scheme. In this {theoretical setup},
the equations of states (EoSs) of hadronic matter for various values of
symmetry energies obtained from the EDF models are employed to describe the
hadronic matter, and the {flavor} SU(2) NJL model with various repulsive-vector
interaction strengths are used to describe the quark matter. We then observe
the obtained EoS in the mass-radius properties of the hybrid star
configurations for various vector interactions and nuclear symmetry energies by
solving the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation. We obtain that the critical
density at which the phase transition occurs varies over the density
(3.6--6.7) depending on the symmetry energy and the strength of the
vector coupling . The maximum mass of the neutron star (NS) is susceptible
to . When there is no repulsive force, the NS maximum mass is only about
, but it becomes larger than when the vector coupling
constant is about half of the {attractive} scalar coupling constant.
Surprisingly, the presence of the quark matter does not affect the canonical
mass of NS (), so observing the canonical mass of NSs can provide
unique constraints to the EoS of hadronic matter at high densities.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
Neutrino propagation in the neutron star with uncertainties from nuclear, hadron, and particle physics
In the present work, we investigate the neutral-current neutrino-nucleon
scattering in the nuclear medium using various energy-density functional (EDF)
models such as the KIDS (Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU) and SLy4, together with the
quark-meson coupling (QMC) model for the nucleon form factors at finite
density. The differential cross section (DCS) and neutrino mean free path
(NMFP) are computed numerically, considering the density-dependent nucleon form
factors (DDFF) and neutrino structural properties such as the neutrino magnetic
moment (NMM) and its electric charge radius (NCR). It turns out that the DDFF
decreases the scattering cross-section, while the NCR increases it
considerably. The effect of the NMM turns out to be almost negligible. We also
observe that the value of the neutron effective mass is of importance in the
neutron-star cooling process, indicating that for the neutron effective mass
larger than the mass in free space, the neutrino can interact with matter at
densities in the neutron star with radius 13 km.Comment: 16 pages, 2 tables, 12 figure
Role of nucleon effective mass and symmetry energy on the neutrino mean free path in neutron star
The Korea-IBS-Daegu-SKKU energy density functional (KIDS-EDF) models, derived
from the universal Skyrme functional, have been successfully and widely applied
in describing the properties of finite nuclei and infinite nuclear matter. In
the present work, we extend the applications of the KIDS-EDF models to
investigate the implications of the nucleon effective mass and nuclear symmetry
energy obtained from the KIDS-EDF models on the properties of neutron star (NS)
and neutrino interaction with the NS constituents matter in the linear response
approximation (LRA). We then analyze the total differential cross-section of
neutrino, neutrino mean free path (NMFP), and the NS mass-radius (M-R)
relations. We find that the NS M-R relations predictions for all KIDS-EDF
models are in excellent agreement with the recent observations as well as the
NICER result. Remarkable prediction results on the NMFPs are given by the
KIDS0-m*77 and KIDS0-m*99 models with which are quite
higher in comparison with those obtained for the KIDS0, KIDS-A, and KIDS-B
models with . For the KIDS0, KIDS-A, and KIDS-B models, we
obtain the , indicating that these models
support the slow NS cooling and neutrino trapping in NS. On the contrary, both
KIDS0-m*77 and KIDS0-m*99 models support faster NS cooling and a small
possibility of neutrino trapping within NS, predicting . More interestingly the NMFP decreases as the density and
neutrino energy increase, which is consistent with those obtained in the
Brussels-Montreal Skyrme (BSk17 and BSk18) models at saturation density.Comment: 24 pages, 2 tables, 22 figure
Brazilin isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L. inhibits rheumatoid arthritis activity in a type-II collagen induced arthritis mouse model
Volumetric Lung Nodule Segmentation using Adaptive ROI with Multi-View Residual Learning
Accurate quantification of pulmonary nodules can greatly assist the early
diagnosis of lung cancer, which can enhance patient survival possibilities. A
number of nodule segmentation techniques have been proposed, however, all of
the existing techniques rely on radiologist 3-D volume of interest (VOI) input
or use the constant region of interest (ROI) and only investigate the presence
of nodule voxels within the given VOI. Such approaches restrain the solutions
to investigate the nodule presence outside the given VOI and also include the
redundant structures into VOI, which may lead to inaccurate nodule
segmentation. In this work, a novel semi-automated approach for 3-D
segmentation of nodule in volumetric computerized tomography (CT) lung scans
has been proposed. The proposed technique can be segregated into two stages, at
the first stage, it takes a 2-D ROI containing the nodule as input and it
performs patch-wise investigation along the axial axis with a novel adaptive
ROI strategy. The adaptive ROI algorithm enables the solution to dynamically
select the ROI for the surrounding slices to investigate the presence of nodule
using deep residual U-Net architecture. The first stage provides the initial
estimation of nodule which is further utilized to extract the VOI. At the
second stage, the extracted VOI is further investigated along the coronal and
sagittal axis with two different networks and finally, all the estimated masks
are fed into the consensus module to produce the final volumetric segmentation
of nodule. The proposed approach has been rigorously evaluated on the LIDC
dataset, which is the largest publicly available dataset. The result suggests
that the approach is significantly robust and accurate as compared to the
previous state of the art techniques.Comment: The manuscript is currently under review and copyright shall be
transferred to the publisher upon acceptanc
MEDS-Net: Self-Distilled Multi-Encoders Network with Bi-Direction Maximum Intensity projections for Lung Nodule Detection
In this study, we propose a lung nodule detection scheme which fully
incorporates the clinic workflow of radiologists. Particularly, we exploit
Bi-Directional Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images of various thicknesses
(i.e., 3, 5 and 10mm) along with a 3D patch of CT scan, consisting of 10
adjacent slices to feed into self-distillation-based Multi-Encoders Network
(MEDS-Net). The proposed architecture first condenses 3D patch input to three
channels by using a dense block which consists of dense units which effectively
examine the nodule presence from 2D axial slices. This condensed information,
along with the forward and backward MIP images, is fed to three different
encoders to learn the most meaningful representation, which is forwarded into
the decoded block at various levels. At the decoder block, we employ a
self-distillation mechanism by connecting the distillation block, which
contains five lung nodule detectors. It helps to expedite the convergence and
improves the learning ability of the proposed architecture. Finally, the
proposed scheme reduces the false positives by complementing the main detector
with auxiliary detectors. The proposed scheme has been rigorously evaluated on
888 scans of LUNA16 dataset and obtained a CPM score of 93.6\%. The results
demonstrate that incorporating of bi-direction MIP images enables MEDS-Net to
effectively distinguish nodules from surroundings which help to achieve the
sensitivity of 91.5% and 92.8% with false positives rate of 0.25 and 0.5 per
scan, respectively
Allopurinol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury in Rat Urinary Bladders
Bladder ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and markedly elevates the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO) and thus can serve as an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. Here, a rat model was used to assess the ability of allopurinol treatment to ameliorate the deleterious effects of urinary bladder I/R injury. I/R injury reduced the in vitro contractile responses of longitudinal bladder strips, elevated XO activity in the plasma and bladder tissue, increased the bladder levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, reduced the bladder levels of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), and decreased and increased the bladder levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively. I/R injury also elevated lipid peroxidation in the bladder. Allopurinol treatment in the I/R injury was generated significantly ameliorating all I/R-induced changes. Moreover, an in situ fluorohistological approach also showed that allopurinol reduces the generation of intracellular superoxides enlarged by I/R injury. Together, the beneficial effects of allopurinol reducing ROS production may be mediated by normalizing the activity of the ERK, JNK, and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways and by controlling TNF-α expression
Corrigendum to “Assessment of the Suitability of Trauma Triage According to Physiological Criteria in Korea” [J Acute Care Surg 2022;12(3):120–124]
Assessment of the Suitability of Trauma Triage According to Physiological Criteria in Korea
Purpose A trauma center project for treating patients with trauma has been established in Korea. A trauma team is activated based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) field triage Step 1 for patient triage. Here, we determined if the currently applied criteria were appropriate for the triage of patients with trauma in Korea. Methods This retrospective study included patients who were taken to the regional trauma center from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019, and were registered in the Korean Trauma database. The rates for undertriage and overtriage were calculated from the in-field and in-hospital triage according to the CDC guidelines Step 1. Results Among the 9,383 patients transferred to the trauma center, 3,423 were directly transferred from the site and were investigated. The overall rates for undertriage and overtriage of these patients were 28.13% and 30.35%, respectively. For the patients who received in-field triage and were directly transferred to the trauma center, the rates for undertriage and overtriage were 27.92% and 32.39%, and 25.92% and 29.11% for in-hospital triage, respectively. The concordance rate of triage was 87.09%. Conclusion The current use of in-hospital triage physiological criteria as set out in the CDC guidelines Step 1, indicated an undertriage rate which was high and an overtriage rate within the acceptable range. Further studies on triaging patients with trauma are warranted. Improvements in the guidelines of the trauma center project are necessary and this needs to be supported by resources and training for field personnel
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