1,300 research outputs found
The Prevalence of Gas Outflows in Type 2 AGNs. II. 3D Biconical Outflow Models
We present 3D models of biconical outflows combined with a thin dust plane
for investigating the physical properties of the ionized gas outflows and their
effect on the observed gas kinematics in type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs).
Using a set of input parameters, we construct a number of models in 3D and
calculate the spatially integrated velocity and velocity dispersion for each
model. We find that three primary parameters, i.e., intrinsic velocity, bicone
inclination, and the amount of dust extinction, mainly determine the simulated
velocity and velocity dispersion. Velocity dispersion increases as the
intrinsic velocity or the bicone inclination increases, while velocity (i.e.,
velocity shifts with respect to systemic velocity) increases as the amount of
dust extinction increases. Simulated emission-line profiles well reproduce the
observed [O III] line profiles, e.g., a narrow core and a broad wing
components. By comparing model grids and Monte Carlo simulations with the
observed [O III] velocity-velocity dispersion (VVD) distribution of ~39,000
type 2 AGNs, we constrain the intrinsic velocity of gas outflows ranging from
~500 km/s to ~1000 km/s for the majority of AGNs, and up to ~1500-2000 km/s for
extreme cases. The Monte Carlo simulations show that the number ratio of AGNs
with negative [O III] velocity to AGNs with positive [O III] velocity
correlates with the outflow opening angle, suggesting that outflows with higher
intrinsic velocity tend to have wider opening angles. These results demonstrate
the potential of our 3D models for studying the physical properties of gas
outflows, applicable to various observations, including spatially integrated
and resolved gas kinematics.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables; matched with the ApJ published
versio
Green growth and green new deal policies in Korea
노트 : A Paper for the GURN/ITUC workshop on "A Green Economy that Works for Social Progress
The effect of CEO turnover on audit report lag and management discretionary report lag: evidence from Korea
This study empirically investigates the effect of a CEO turnover on audit report lag (ARL), discretionary report lag (DRL) and total report lag (TRL). The object of this study is to provide empirical evidence for the responses of both the CEO and the external auditor on audit risk increases and information asymmetry that occur as a result of a CEO turnover. According to the previous study on CEO turnovers, the CEO turnover would increase audit risk and information asymmetry (Sohn et al., 2014). In this situation, the CEO has an incentive to provide timely information to decrease the monitoring costs and cost of debt (Lee et al., 2008). It is expected that an external auditor spends a large amount of time on audit procedures to lower the audit risk when the CEO changes. Therefore, the CEO turnover would have a conflicting effect on the ARL and DRL. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the ARL increases and DRL decreases when the CEO changes, which suggests that an external auditor spends a great amount of time on audit procedures to lower the audit risk because the audit risk increases when the CEO changes. A new CEO provides information faster to reduce monitoring costs and cost of debt that occur due to information asymmetry. Second, the ARL increases and DRL decreases as the frequency of CEO turnover increases. An external auditor would estimate the audit risk as being high if the CEO changes more frequently. To lower the audit risk to an acceptable level, many audit hours are spent on audit procedures by an external auditor, which increases the ARL. A new CEO has an incentive to provide timely information when the CEO changes more frequently. Thus, the DRL decreases as the frequency of CEO turnover increase
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