Gender‐ethnicity intersectional variation in work–family dynamics:Family interference with work, guilt, and job satisfaction

Although guilt is often considered the most prevalent emotional outcome of work–family conflict (WFC), most work–family research focuses on family-related guilt stemming from work interference with family, rather than job-related guilt stemming from family interference with work (FIW). In addition, there is little understanding of how different employee social groups experience the implications of FIW in their daily lives. To address these research gaps, this study explores the relationship between daily FIW and job-related guilt, and its subsequent impact on job satisfaction. It also investigates variation in these relationships by (1) gender and (2) the intersection of gender and ethnicity. Bayesian multilevel structural equation modeling using data from 5-day diary surveys from 210 solicitors in Britain shows daily FIW is associated with higher job-related guilt and subsequently lower job satisfaction. The relationship is stronger for women than men in general, but is also stronger for South Asian women than white British women (and men), and for South Asian men than white British men. This suggests that studies focusing on single social group characteristics (e.g., gender) are likely to obscure intersectional effects that might produce significant within-group variation. The findings also highlight the importance of integrating workplace inequality arguments into theorization of WFC

Emotional experiences of work–family conflict and the moderating roles of gender and ethnicity: A diary study of solicitors in the U.K.

Despite the growing research on demographic diversity in general, there exists little understanding of how different social groups experience work–family conflict in their daily lives. From the perspectives of diversity and intersectionality, this thesis compares the within-individual relationships between daily work–family conflict (both work interference with family and family interference with work), guilt in the family and job domains, and family and job satisfaction experienced by different genders (men vs. women) and ethnicities (South Asian vs. white British people) for each gender group. For hypothesis testing, five-day diary surveys were collected from 211 solicitors in the U.K. The results of Bayesian multilevel structural equation modelling showed that as daily work–family conflict increased, the participants, regardless of their gender or ethnicity, experienced higher levels of daily guilt in the job and family domains, and subsequently lower levels of daily job and family satisfaction. However, in terms of family interference with work, women in general, and South Asian men and women in particular, exhibited more salient patterns of these relationships than their male and white British counterparts. By demonstrating that an individual’s social identities and associated macro-contexts (e.g., gender norms, attitudes towards work and family roles, and social status) can have a significant impact on daily work–family conflict, this thesis contributes to the literature by developing identity-sensitive and intersectional theories of the work–family interface

Performances of machine learning algorithms in discriminating sacroiliitis features on MRI: a systematic review

Objectives Summarise the evidence of the performance of the machine learning algorithm in discriminating sacroiliitis features on MRI and compare it with the accuracy of human physicians.Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CIHNAL, Web of Science, IEEE, American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology abstract archives were searched for studies published between 2008 and 4 June 2023. Two authors independently screened and extracted the variables, and the results are presented using tables and forest plots.Results Ten studies were selected from 2381. Over half of the studies used deep learning models, using Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society sacroiliitis criteria as the ground truth, and manually extracted the regions of interest. All studies reported the area under the curve as a performance index, ranging from 0.76 to 0.99. Sensitivity and specificity were the second-most commonly reported indices, with sensitivity ranging from 0.56 to 1.00 and specificity ranging from 0.67 to 1.00; these results are comparable to a radiologist’s sensitivity of 0.67–1.00 and specificity of 0.78–1.00 in the same cohort. More than half of the studies showed a high risk of bias in the analysis domain of quality appraisal owing to the small sample size or overfitting issues.Conclusion The performance of machine learning algorithms in discriminating sacroiliitis features on MRI varied owing to the high heterogeneity between studies and the small sample sizes, overfitting, and under-reporting issues of individual studies. Further well-designed and transparent studies are required

Radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unsaturated C−C bonds via an electroreductively triggered two-pronged approach

Due to its superior ability in controlling pharmaceutical activity, the installation of difluoromethyl (CF2H) functionality into organic molecules has been an area of intensive research. In this context, difluoromethylation of C−C π bonds mediated by a CF2H radical have been pursued as a central strategy to grant access to difluoromethylated hydrocarbons. However, early precedents necessitate the generation of oxidative chemical species that can limit the generality and utility of the reaction. We report here the successful implementation of radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unsaturated C−C bonds via an electroreductively triggered two-pronged approach. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the key distinction of the present strategy originates from the reconciliation of multiple redox processes under highly reducing electrochemical conditions. The reaction conditions can be chosen based on the electronic properties of the alkenes of interest, highlighting the hydrodifluoromethylation of both unactivated and activated alkenes. Notably, the reaction delivers geminal (bis)difluoromethylated products from alkynes in a single step by consecutive hydrodifluoromethylation, granting access to an underutilized 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropan-2-yl functional group. The late-stage hydrodifluoromethylation of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents is also presented.11Nsciescopu

Radical Hydrodifluoromethylation of Unsaturated C-C Bonds via an Electroreductively Triggered Two-pronged Approach

We report here the successful implementation of radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unsaturated C-C bonds via an electroreductively triggered two-pronged approach. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the key distinction of the present strategy originates from the reconciliation of multiple redox processes under highly reducing electrochemical conditions. The reaction conditions can be chosen based on the electronic properties of the alkenes of interest, highlighting the hydrodifluoromethylation of both unactivated and activated alkenes. Notably, the reaction delivers geminal (bis)difluoromethylated products from alkynes in a single step by consecutive hydrodifluoromethylation, granting access to an underutilized 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropan-2-yl functional group. The late-stage hydrodifluoromethylation of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents is also presented

Mechanistic Pathway for the Formation of Radial Polystyrenes Using Diacyl Chloride

An efficient and useful synthetic route for the synthesis of linear and star polystyrenes (PS) is described, employing living anionic polymerization to link living polystyryl anions to inexpensive and readily available malonyl chloride and other coupling agents with higher functionality that were generated in situ at room temperature. The polymers prepared in this way were analyzed and characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). It was observed that with the increase in molecular weight of the living PS, the number of arms and weight fraction of higher arm polymers decrease significantly.X111sciescopu

Associations between Cardiovascular Outcomes and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Despite a growing burden posed by cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, large-scale studies on the association between the characteristics of RA patients and CVD risks and studies adjusted for various confounding factors are lacking. In this large-scale nationwide cohort study, we aimed to investigate the association between CVD risk and RA and factors that may increase CVD risk using a dataset provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). We enrolled 136,469 patients with RA who participated in national health examinations within two years of RA diagnosis between 2010 and 2017 and non-RA controls matched by age and sex (n = 682,345). The outcome was the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke. MI was defined as one hospitalization or two outpatient visits with ICD-10-CM codes I21 or I22. Stroke was defined as one hospitalization with ICD-10-CM codes I63 or I64 and a claim for brain imaging (CT or MRI). The Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan–Meier curve were used for analysis. The mean follow-up duration was 4.7 years, and the incidence rate of CVD was higher in the RA group than the control group (MI: 3.20 vs. 2.08; stroke: 2.84 vs. 2.33 per 1000 person-years). The risk of MI and stroke was about 50% and 20% higher, respectively, in RA patients. The association between RA and CVD was prominent in females after adjusting for confounding variables. The association between RA and risk of MI was significant in individuals without DM. Therefore, appropriate screening for CVD is important in all RA patients including females and younger patients

Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Linear Radical Block Copolymers of Styrene and Isoprene Through a Novel Coupling Agent by Anionic Polymerization

A new methodology is successfully used for the concurrent synthesis of three different copolymers, diblock, triblock, and three-armed star-block copolymers of styrene and isoprene via the living anionic polymerization with control over the molecular weight and weight fractions of each block The room temperature polymerization process has resulted in the well defined linear and radial block copolymers, when the living di-block of poly(styrene-b-isoprene) was coupled using cheap and readily available malonyl chloride as a novel coupling agent giving nearly 100% yield The resulting block copolymers have narrow polydispersity index (PDI = 1 01-1 09) with a good agreement between the calculated and the observed molecular weights The results are further supported by fractionation of the block copolymers by reversed-phase temperature gradient interaction chromatography (RP-TGIC) technique followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 48: 2636-2641, 2010X11910sciescopu