On the Use of Data Envelopment Analysis in Hedge Fund Performance Appraisal

This paper aims to show that Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an efficient tool to assist investors in multiple criteria decision-making tasks like assessing hedge fund performance. DEA has the merit of offering investors the possibility to consider simultaneously multiple evaluation criteria with direct control over the priority level paid to each criterion. By addressing main methodological issues regarding the use of DEA in evaluating hedge fund performance, this paper attempts to provide investors sufficient guidelines for tailoring their own performance measure which reflect successfully their own preferences. Although these guidelines are formulated in the hedge fund context, they can also be applied to other kinds of investment funds.hedge fund, mutual fund, alternative investment, data envelopment analysis, performancemeasures, Sharpe ratio

Hedge fund behavior: An ex-post analysis

This paper aims to analyze hedge fund index behavior over the 9-year period ranging from January 1994 to December 2002 with help of various statistical measures. The results indicate that hedge fund returns are not normally distributed and exhibit first order autocorrelation, a phenomenon known as smoothing or stale price bias. Entire period correlations between 13 hedge fund indices and 85 market factors provide evidence that most of hedge fund styles show strong positive correlations with equity and real estate indices, and negative correlations with volatility index. Two exceptions are Dedicated Short Bias and Long Short Equity indices, which exhibit significant negative correlations with equity indices but positive correlations with volatility index. However, these correlations vary over time, depending on market conditions. The results also reveal that hedge funds generally underperform than the market in upward periods but do better than the market in downward ones. Dedicated Short Bias and Long Short Equity are the only ones that make loss in upward markets and make profits in downside market.hedge fund, alternative investment, performance measurement

Quantitative selection of hedge funds using data envelopment analysis

Previous studies have documented that Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) could be a good tool to evaluate fund performance,especially the performance of hedge funds as it can incorporatemultiple risk-return attributes characterizing hedge fund's nonnormal return distribution in an unique performance score. Thepurpose of this paper is to extend the use of DEA to the contextof hedge fund selection when investors must face multi-dimensionalconstraints, each one associated to a relative importance level.Unlike previous studies which used DEA in an empirical framework,this research puts emphasis on methodological issues. I showedthat DEA can be a good tailor-made decision-making tool to assistinvestors in selecting funds that correspond the most to theirfinancial, risk-aversion, diversification and investment horizonconstraints.hedge funds, data envelopment analysis, fund selection, performance measurement, alternative investment

Assessing Hedge Fund Performance: Does the Choice of Measures Matter?

In this paper, we conducted a comparative study of ten measures documented as the most used by researchers and practionners: Sharpe, Sortino, Calmar, Sterling, Burke, modified Stutzer, modified Sharpe, upside potential ratio, Omega and AIRAP. This study was carried out in two stages on a sample of 149 hedge funds. First, we examined the modifications of funds' relative performance in terms of ranks and deciles when the performance measure changes. Despite strong positive correlations between funds' rankings established by different measures, numerous significant modifications were observed. Second, we studied the stability/persistence of the ten measures in question. Our results show that some measures are more stable or persistent than the others in measuring hedge fund performance.hedge funds; performance evaluation; performance measure; Sharpe ratio

EXISTE-T-IL UN EFFET P.E.R. REALISE ET PREVISIONNEL ?

Plusieurs études récentes mettent en évidence la présence d'un effet PER sur les grands marchés boursiers dans le monde. Cependant, certaines études les contredisent. Dans cet article, nous présentons l'évidence qu'il existe bien un effet PER réalisé à la Bourse de Paris durant la période récente de 1991 à 2001. Par contre, l'existence d'un effet engendré par les PER anticipés est moins certaine parce que les mesures de performance standard donnent des résultats contradictoires. Enfin, nous montrons que l'allongement de l'horizon de prévision de bénéfice ainsi que celui de la période de conservation de portefeuille conduisent à l'affaiblissement, voire la disparition de ces effets. Ce phénomène peut être expliqué en partie par la caractéristique relativement précise des prévisions de bénéfices données par les analystes et la capacité du marché à corriger les sur-réactions et les sous-réactions des investisseurs.PER, anomalie, performance, portefeuille, stratégie d'investissement

The necessity to correct hedge fund returns: empirical evidence and correction method

We study two principal mechanisms suggested in the literature to correct the serial correlationin hedge fund returns and the impact of this correction on financial characteristics of their returnsas well as on their risk level and on their performances. The methods of Geltner (1993), its extensionby Okunev & White (2003) and of Getmansky, Lo & Makarov (2004) are realized on a sampleof 54 hedge fund indexes. The results show that the unsmoothing leaves the mean unchangedbut increases significantly the risk level of hedge funds, whether the risk is measured in terms ofthe return standard-deviation or the modified Value-At-Risk. Funds' performances, measured bytraditional Sharpe ratio and Omega index decline considerably. By contrast, funds' rankings afterthe unsmoothing unexpectedly change slightly. However, some notable modifications in ranks ofseveral funds are observed. The necessary transparency of the management practice requires thatsuch a correction must be systematically done.hedge funds; smoothed returns; performance evaluation; Sharpe ratio; Omega index

The effect of brand image, perceived quality and brand experience on customer loyalty: an empirical investigation in the telecommunication industry in Vietnam

This paper analyses the effect of brand image, perceived quality, perceived uniqueness on loyalty of customers in the mobile telecom industry. The data for this study were gathered through face-to-face questionnaires that were distributed to target participants, who reported their consumption experience with mobile telecom services. The survey was conducted in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city with the sampling of 453 respondents. We used the Structured Equation Model to evaluate the suitability of the framework and examine the hypotheses. The results reveal that brand equity impacts directly customer satisfaction and has indirect effect on loyalty via customer satisfaction