Correlation between genetic distances and environmental parameters between landrace localities.

<p>Environmental parameter distances are the logarithm of the absolute value of differences between parameters for each accession's location. <i>r</i>: Altitude; <i>s</i>: mean annual temperature; <i>t</i>: maximum temperature of the warmest month; <i>u</i>: minimum temperature of the coldest month; <i>v</i>: mean annual precipitation; <i>w</i>: precipitation of driest month; <i>x</i>: precipitation of wettest month.</p>*<p>Significant (0.001**</p><p>Non-signficant (p>0.05); all other values indicated were significant (p<0.001).</p

Principle component plots of individual accessions characterised by 29 nuSSRs.

<p>In the upper panel, samples were coloured according to form (black: wild emmer; dark green: bread wheat; light green: emmer; dark red: rivet; red: durum). In the lower panel, samples were coloured according to membership to one of the six groups defined by STRUCTURE under the <i>K</i> = 6 model.</p

Chloroplast haplotype (CpHt) frequencies in wild emmer, emmer, rivet and durum.

<p>Chloroplast haplotype (CpHt) frequencies in wild emmer, emmer, rivet and durum.</p

Geographical distribution of the four main chloroplast haplotypes in domesticated tetraploid wheats.

<p>cp-haplotype 1 (yellow dots), 2 (blue), 13 (red) and 14 (green).</p

Measures of within-landrace genetic diversity in seven tetraploid wheat accessions.

<p>No. Genotypes: number of different genotypes detected in the sample; Freq. Genotypes: number of individual plants with a particular genotype within the sample; Hz: Heterozygosity; GD: Gene Diversity; PIC: polymorphism information content; M/P markers: number of polymorphic/monomorphic markers; Rare Alleles: number of rare alleles (an allele other than the most frequent one for each loci analysed) detected in the landrace (the total number of alleles detected for each landrace accession is under brackets); Hg (%): heterogeneity within varieties calculated as the number of alleles, other than the most frequent one, detected for a particular marker/landrace combination, considering the totality of alleles genotyped. e.g. for Recio, given 20 individuals analysed at 15 SSR loci, there is 1 instances of a rare allele being detected, so heterogeneity is 0.34%.</p

Neighbour-joining tree between <i>a priori</i> defined tetraploid wheat populations.

<p>The tree was constructed from <i>D_C</i> genetic distances using wild emmer to root the tree and 100 bootstrap replicates.</p

Gene pool frequency clines based on proportional membership of accessions to the six STRUCTURE clusters.

<p>Gene pool frequency clines based on proportional membership of accessions to the six STRUCTURE clusters.</p

Correlations between geographic, environmental and genetic distances for 53 Iberian durum wheat accessions.

<p><i>D_C</i>_: genetic distance; <i>LogD_GEO</i>_: logarithm of geographic distance; <i>LogD_ENV</i>_: logarithm of environmental distance.</p>*<p>Significant (<i>p</i><0.001).</p>**<p>Non-significant (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p

Neighbour joining (N-J) tree constructed from SSR genotypes of three barley taxa.

<p>Based on allele frequencies for 19 SSR markers in 351 <i>vulgare</i>, 142 <i>spontaneum</i> and 23 <i>agriocrithon</i> accessions, which were analysed using Nei’s genetic distance, and drawn using the <i>prabclus</i> package [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196652#pone.0196652.ref060" target="_blank">60</a>]. Accessions are coloured according to the genepool with the highest proportional membership ascribed in the <i>K</i> = 8 InStruct model (> 50%). <i>Agriocrithon</i> accessions are indicated as ‘+’. The green ellipse surrounds the <i>spontaneum</i> accessions.</p

Heat map of pairwise genetic distances between three barley taxa.

<p>Analysis included 351 <i>vulgare</i>, 142 <i>spontaneum</i> and 23 <i>agriocrithon</i> accessions, and was based on the allele frequencies of 19 SSR markers. Genetic distances were calculated with GenAlEx based on Nei's pairwise genetic distance (<i>D</i>) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196652#pone.0196652.ref057" target="_blank">57</a>]. The paler colour (yellow) represents closer genetic distances, whereas darker colours (red) represent more distant relationships. The arrow indicates the Tibetan <i>spontaneum</i> accessions, which are genetically closer to all the cultivated barley accessions than to other <i>spontaneum</i> accessions.</p