Habitat-related birdsong divergence: a multi-level study on the influence of territory density and ambient noise in European blackbirds

Song plays an important role in avian communication and acoustic variation is important at both the individual and population level. Habitat-related variation between populations in particular can reflect adaptations to the environment accumulated over generations, but this may not always be the case. In this study, we test whether variation between individuals matches local conditions with respect to noise level and territory density to examine whether short-term flexibility could contribute to song divergence at the population level. We conducted a case study on an urban and forest population of the European blackbird and show divergence at the population level (i.e. across habitats) in blackbird song, anthropogenic noise level and territory density. Unlike in several other species, we found a lack of any correlation at the individual level (i.e. across individuals) between song features and ambient noise. This suggests species-specific causal explanations for noise-dependent song differentiation which are likely associated with variation in song-copying behaviour or feedback constraints related to variable singing styles. On the other hand, we found that at the level of individual territories, temporal features, but not spectral ones, are correlated to territory density and seasonality. This suggests that short-term individual variation can indeed contribute to habitat-dependent divergence at the population level. As this may undermine the potential role for song as a population marker, we conclude that more investigations on individual song flexibility are required for a better understanding of the impact of population-level song divergence on hybridisation and speciation

EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update

Objectives: To provide an update of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management recommendations to account for the most recent developments in the field. Methods: An international task force considered new evidence supporting or contradicting previous recommendations and novel therapies and strategic insights based on two systematic literature searches on efficacy and safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) since the last update (2016) until 2019. A predefined voting process was applied, current levels of evidence and strengths of recommendation were assigned and participants ultimately voted independently on their level of agreement with each of the items. Results: The task force agreed on 5 overarching principles and 12 recommendations concerning use of conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs (methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, sulfasalazine); glucocorticoids (GCs); biological (b) DMARDs (tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab), abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, sarilumab and biosimilar (bs) DMARDs) and targeted synthetic (ts) DMARDs (the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors tofacitinib, baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib). Guidance on monotherapy, combination therapy, treatment strategies (treat-to-target) and tapering on sustained clinical remission is provided. Cost and sequencing of b/tsDMARDs are addressed. Initially, MTX plus GCs and upon insufficient response to this therapy within 3 to 6 months, stratification according to risk factors is recommended. With poor prognostic factors (presence of autoantibodies, high disease activity, early erosions or failure of two csDMARDs), any bDMARD or JAK inhibitor should be added to the csDMARD. If this fails, any other bDMARD (from another or the same class) or tsDMARD is recommended. On sustained remission, DMARDs may be tapered, but not be stopped. Levels of evidence and levels of agreement were mostly high. Conclusions: These updated EULAR recommendations provide consensus on the management of RA with respect to benefit, safety, preferences and cost

Broedsucces van kustbroedvogels in de Waddenzee in 2011-2013

Sinds 2005 worden in de Waddenzee jaarlijks gegevens verzameld over het broedsucces van een aantal karakteristieke kustbroedvogels. Hiervoor worden tien vogelsoorten gevolgd die representatief worden geacht voor specifieke habitats en voedselgroepen. Het reproductiemeetnet kustbroedvogels wordt uitgevoerd als een ‘early warning systeem’ om het reproducerend vermogen van de vogelpopulaties in de Waddenzee te volgen en de achterliggende processen van populatieveranderingen te doorgronden. Het fungeert als een wezenlijkeaanvulling op de monitoring van aantallen en aantalsveranderingen en wordt uitgevoerd in het kader van trilaterale afspraken met Duitsland en Denemarken (TMAP). De resultaten uit 2011, 2012 en 2013 laten zien dat op dit moment nog steeds veel soorten kustbroedvogels weinig succesvol zijn. Vooral Scholekster, Kluut, Kokmeeuw, Grote Stern, Visdief en Noordse Stern kampen met een structureel te laag broedsucces. De slechte broedresultaten worden veroorzaakt door verschillende factoren. Eén daarvan is overstromingen als gevolg van hoogwater gedurende het broedseizoen. Ook worden in de nestfase veel broedvogels slachtoffer van predatie van legsels, met name door Vos en Bruine Rat. Daarnaast speelt een te geringe voedselbeschikbaarheid bij een aantal soorten vermoedelijk een belangrijke rol