Rayleigh-LIDAR Observations of Mid-Latitude Mesospheric Densities

This research is an analysis of absolute densities throughout the mesosphere (45 km to 90 km). Although much research has gone into the study of temperatures and their variations occurring in our atmosphere, little has been done to research the densities and their variations. Due to the remoteness of the middle atmosphere there is a high degree of difficulty in making observations in the mesosphere. There are currently three major types of ground-based instruments used to sense the mesosphere remotely. They are atmospheric radars, LIDARs and optical spectrometers. As far as measuring density in the mesosphere LIDAR is the most efficient. A Rayleigh-scatter LIDAR operated at the Atmospheric LIDAR Observatory (ALO; 41.7 ° N, 111.8 ° W), as part of CASS (Center for Atmosphere and Space Studies), on the campus of Utah State University (USU) has collected extensive data between 1993 and 2004. This LIDAR is used to measure relative densities (which can be used to derive temperatures) throughout the mesosphere. An analysis is made with the absolute densities from the atmosphere reanalysis model ERA-20C (the European Reanalysis 20th century model.) by using the model densities at 45 km to calibrate the LIDAR observations made at USU. Thereby, converting the relative densities measured by the USU LIDAR into measurements of absolute densities. These densities are used to examine the density structure of the mesosphere, how it varies with altitude and time, possible atmospheric anomalies, along with annual or semiannual atmospheric variations. Monthly averages are used to compare density variations related to altitude and season. By normalizing the relative densities from the Rayleigh LIDAR observations to the absolute densities from the reanalysis models, these differences can be observed and analyzed to better characterize the neutral atmosphere and learn how it varies during the year

Rayleigh-LIDAR Observations of Mesospheric Densities

The goal of this project is to take relative densities of the mesosphere (altitude 45-90 km) from data that has been collected and convert them into absolute densities. It is then possible to look at how these densities vary with altitude and season. The data was collected using a Rayleigh-scatter LIDAR at the Atmospheric LIDAR Observatory. This is a part of the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences and is located on the Utah State University Campus. It spans a total of 11 years beginning in 1993 and ending in 2004. The collected data is used to create a composite year and is then normalized to a constant at an attitude of 45 km. It is then compared to an absolute density measurement at 45 km that is calculated using the European Reanalysis 20th Century (ERA-20C) model. This density is then used to convert all of the relative mesospheric densities into absolute densities

Preliminary performance measurements of bolometers for the Planck high-frequency instrument

We report on the characterization of bolometers fabricated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) of the joint ESA/NASA Herschel/Planck mission to be launched in 2007. The HFI is a multicolor focal plane which consists of 48 bolometers operated at 100mK. Each bolometer is mounted to a feedhorn-filter assembly which defines one of six frequency bands centered between 100-857GHz. Four detectors in each of six bands are coupled to both linear polarizations and thus measure the total intensity. In addition, eight detectors in each of 3 bands (143, 217, and 353GHz) couple only to a single linear polarization and thus provide measurements of the Stokes parameters, Q and U, as well the total intensity. The detectors are required to achieve a Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) at or below the background limit ∼ 10^(-17)W/√Hz for the telescope and time constants of a few ms, short enough to resolve point sources as the 5 to 9 arc-minute beams move across the sky in great circles at 1 rpm. The bolometers are tested at 100mK in a commercial dilution refrigerator with a custom built thermal control system to regulate the heat sink with precision < 100nK/√Hz. The 100mK tests include dark electrical characterization of the load curves, optical and electrical measurement of the thermal time constants and measurement of the noise spectral density from 0.01 to 10Hz for up to 24 bolometers simultaneously

Preliminary performance measurements of bolometers for the Planck high-frequency instrument

We report on the characterization of bolometers fabricated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) of the joint ESA/NASA Herschel/Planck mission to be launched in 2007. The HFI is a multicolor focal plane which consists of 48 bolometers operated at 100mK. Each bolometer is mounted to a feedhorn-filter assembly which defines one of six frequency bands centered between 100-857GHz. Four detectors in each of six bands are coupled to both linear polarizations and thus measure the total intensity. In addition, eight detectors in each of 3 bands (143, 217, and 353GHz) couple only to a single linear polarization and thus provide measurements of the Stokes parameters, Q and U, as well the total intensity. The detectors are required to achieve a Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) at or below the background limit ∼ 10^(-17)W/√Hz for the telescope and time constants of a few ms, short enough to resolve point sources as the 5 to 9 arc-minute beams move across the sky in great circles at 1 rpm. The bolometers are tested at 100mK in a commercial dilution refrigerator with a custom built thermal control system to regulate the heat sink with precision < 100nK/√Hz. The 100mK tests include dark electrical characterization of the load curves, optical and electrical measurement of the thermal time constants and measurement of the noise spectral density from 0.01 to 10Hz for up to 24 bolometers simultaneously

Impacts of High-Protein Oral Nutritional Supplements Among Malnourished Men and Women with Sarcopenia: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that nutritional interventions may improve muscle outcomes in malnutrition and sarcopenia. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of 2 high-quality oral nutritional supplements (ONS) differing in amount and type of key nutrients in older adult men and women. DESIGN: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Malnourished and sarcopenic men and women, 65 years and older (n = 330). INTERVENTION: A 24-week intervention period with 2 energy-rich (330 kcal) ONS treatment groups: Control ONS (CONS, 14 g protein; 147 IU vitamin D3) versus Experimental ONS (EONS, 20 g protein; 499 IU vitamin D3; 1.5 g CaHMB) taken twice daily. Both ONS also contained other vitamins, minerals, and nutrients in varying amounts. MEASUREMENTS: Isokinetic peak torque (PT, Nm) leg strength, grip strength (kg), and gait speed (m·s-1) were assessed at baseline and 12 and 24 weeks. Left and right leg muscle mass (LMM, kg) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Muscle quality (MQ) was leg strength expressed relative to the tested LMM (Nm·kg-1). Subgroup analyses were performed: severe sarcopenia (low skeletal mass index, low grip strength [ CONS, P = .032) in those with normal grip strength. There were no treatment differences based on sarcopenic severity for either grip strength or gait speed. CONCLUSION: ONS improved strength outcomes in malnourished older adults with sarcopenia. In those with mild-moderate sarcopenia, but not severe sarcopenia, consumption of the EONS improved leg muscle strength and quality compared with the standard CONS

Adaptive Homeostatic Strategies of Resilient Intrinsic Self-Regulation in Extremes (RISE): A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Behavioral Treatment for Chronic Pain

Current treatments for chronic pain have limited benefit. We describe a resilience intervention for individuals with chronic pain which is based on a model of viewing chronic pain as dysregulated homeostasis and which seeks to restore homeostatic self-regulation using strategies exemplified by survivors of extreme environments. The intervention is expected to have broad effects on well-being and positive emotional health, to improve cognitive functions, and to reduce pain symptoms thus helping to transform the suffering of pain into self-growth. A total of 88 Veterans completed the pre-assessment and were randomly assigned to either the treatment intervention (n = 38) or control (n = 37). Fifty-eight Veterans completed pre- and post-testing (intervention n = 31, control = 27). The intervention covered resilience strengths organized into four modules: (1) engagement, (2) social relatedness, (3) transformation of pain and (4) building a good life. A broad set of standardized, well validated measures were used to assess three domains of functioning: health and well-being, symptoms, and cognitive functions. Two-way Analysis of Variance was used to detect group and time differences. Broadly, results indicated significant intervention and time effects across multiple domains: (1) Pain decreased in present severity [F(1, 56) = 5.02, p &lt; 0.05, η2p = 0.08], total pain over six domains [F(1, 56) = 14.52, p &lt; 0.01, η2p = 0.21], and pain interference [F(1, 56) = 6.82, p &lt; 0.05, η2p = 0.11]; (2) Affect improved in pain-related negative affect [F(1, 56) = 7.44, p &lt; 0.01, η2p = 0.12], fear [F(1, 56) = 7.70, p &lt; 0.01, η2p = 0.12], and distress [F(1, 56) = 10.87, p &lt; 0.01, η2p = 0.16]; (3) Well-being increased in pain mobility [F(1, 56) = 5.45, p &lt; 0.05, η2p = 0.09], vitality [F(1, 56) = 4.54, p &lt; 0.05, η2p = 0.07], and emotional well-being [F(1, 56) = 5.53, p &lt; 0.05, η2p = 0.09] Mental health symptoms and the cognitive functioning domain did not reveal significant effects. This resilience intervention based on homeostatic self-regulation and survival strategies of survivors of extreme external environments may provide additional sociopsychobiological tools for treating individuals with chronic pain that may extend beyond treating pain symptoms to improving emotional well-being and self-growth. Clinical Trial Registration: Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04693728). © Copyright © 2021 Kent, Mardian, Regalado-Hustead, Gress-Smith, Ciciolla, Kim and Scott.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]