Classifications ATC et EphMRA : évolution entre 1996 et 2003 et analyse comparative

Les professionnels de santé utilisent dans leur pratique quotidienne une ou plusieurs classifications pharmacothérapeutiques. Cette diversité de classifications nuit aux échanges d'information sur le médicament. L'utilisation de classifications internationales ou européennes facilite cette diffusion. Le Centre National Hospitalier d'Information sur le Médicament (CNHIM) a intégré les classifications ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) et EphMRA (European Pharmaceutical Marketing Research Association) dans sa base de données Thériaque, et officialisé l'ATC en France en publiant une version française au Bulletin Officiel. L'objectif a été d'analyser l'évolution de ces deux classifications entre 1996 et 2003, et de comparer leur attribution aux spécialités présentes dans Thériaque en janvier 2002. L'ATC comprend 14 groupes principaux et cinq niveaux de hiérarchie, l'EphMRA 16 groupes principaux sur trois à quatre niveaux. Dans Thériaque, l'ATC est rattachée aux substances actives et aux spécialités, l'EphMRA aux spécialités. Des requêtes informatiques ont permis de faire une analyse comparative. Chaque année, les deux classifications évoluent : ajout, suppression, modification, subdivision. L'attribution dans Thériaque montre deux principales différences (groupe K "Solutions hospitalières" de l'EphMRA versus groupe B "Sang et organes hématopoïétiques" de l'ATC – groupe T "Produits de diagnostic" de l'EphMRA versus groupe V "Divers" de l'ATC). Les classifications évoluent parallèlement ou spécifiquement et, bien que proches l'une de l'autre, elles gardent leurs spécificités en termes de structures et d'utilisations

Assessment of upper limb function in young Friedreich ataxia patients compared to control subjects using a new three-dimensional kinematic protocol

International audienceBackground: The assessment of Friedreich ataxia effects on upper limb function in clinical follow-up remains a challenging issue. To complete the usual clinical scales, an upper limb kinematic protocol adapted to Friedreich ataxia children and young adults has been developed and applied to both patients and control subjects.Methods: Nineteen Friedreich ataxia patients (7-24 years old) and fifteen healthy controls (9-24) were examined twice during three tasks (drawing, pointing, pro-supination) inspired from the "International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale". A custom-made and adjustable device allowed standardized positioning of the subject (in a seated position) and task execution. A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the whole upper limb was performed using an electromagnetic device. The between session reliability and measurement errors of spatiotemporal and angular kinematic parameters were quantified before the analysis of their discriminative ability between healthy subjects and patients.Findings: Most of the parameters were significantly different between ataxia patients and controls, showing the discriminative ability between these two populations. In particular, the task duration, the drawing and pointing errors were higher for ataxia patients. In most of the cases, the between session reliability was found good to excellent for the spatiotemporal parameters and moderate to excellent for the kinematic parameters.Interpretation: Kinematic differences have been pointed out between Friedreich ataxia patients and controls, leading to a better understanding of the effect of this pathology on upper limb function. Discriminative ability and reliability of the developed protocol were demonstrated for many parameters, making it a relevant tool for clinical follow-up

RAS sequences of 24 Phytophthora species

RAS-Ypt sequences of 24 Phytophthora species used in a mock community. Sequences were obtained through Sanger sequencing of 24 isolates. "Phytophtora sp.neb_1543" is a putative new species isolated from French Guianan soils

Comparison and validation of Oomycetes metabarcoding primers for Phytophthora high throughput sequencing

Oomycetes are eukaryotic plant pathogens that require health monitoring. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods replace progressively cultivation-based approaches in soil surveys of Oomycetes, but very little control has been done from synthetic communities. Indeed, several potential biases do exist and need to be assessed for Oomycetes communities. We created a mock community by mixing DNA from 24 Phytophthora species. We amplified two barcode regions with Oomycete-specific primers before HTS. With this aim, we used three primer sets in nested PCR amplification, targeting the ITS-1 region or the RAS gene region. The three nested PCR strategies proved to be a reliable qualitative approach, identifying approximately 95% of the species after Illumina Miseq sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. However, quantitative proportions of each species showed distortions compared to the original mixture of the mock. In addition, we compared the two ITS primer sets on soil environmental DNA sampled from temperate forests. The 'oom18S-ITS7/18ph2f-5.8S-1R' primer set, more specific to Phytophthora, was able to detect seven Phytophthora species, confirming what was expected for temperate forests. Using the 'DC6-ITS7/oom18S-ITS7' primer set that covers the broader Peronosporaceans, we detected only one Phytophthora species among the dominance of Pythium and Phytopythium species. We concluded that 'oom18S-ITS7/18ph2f-5.8S-1R' primer set is a reliable tool for the qualitative description of environmental Phytophthora communities

Réutilisation des eaux usées épurées par association de procédés biologiques et membranaires - Programme PRECODD 2006

International audienc

Comment décolmater les procédés d'osmose inverse appliqués à la réutilisation de l'eau : une combinaison de taux de conversion et de nettoyage à l'eau

International audienceMany publications focus on domestic wastewater reuse. Nevertheless, most of them are based on synthetic effluent experiments, or on robust full scale experiments in which only few filtration operating parameters can be studied. In order to go beyond these limitations, a mobile pilot plant combining a membrane bioreactor and a reverse osmosis (RO) unit has been designed to operate continuously with any kind of preliminary treated domestic effluent. The impacts of RO unit parameters such as volume reduction factor (VRF), feed crossflow velocity and water cleaning are investigated without any use of antiscalant or pH regulators. MBR effluent filtration causes severe fouling mainly due to scaling by calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. VRF seems to affect the final scaling structure since the final flux is four times higher at VRF equal to 2 (50% recovery) compared to VRF equal to 5 (80% recovery). Once the scaling structure is set, increasing the feed crossflow velocity does not enable permeability recovery. On the contrary, deionised water cleaning enables total recovery of the initial permeability without altering the RO membrane retention performance

Molecular Detection of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans as the Etiological Agent of a Chronic Tongue Ulcer in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patient

Ulcerations appeared on the tongue of a 48-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive man. Histological findings of the biopsy specimen and the fact that the patient had resided in Louisiana led us to suspect “American histoplasmosis.” A new ulcer appeared while the patient was being treated with itraconazole, and the gene for 16S rRNA of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans was amplified. The lesions healed during treatment with oral penicillin and azithromycin

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Key message[br/] Increasing human impacts on forests, including unintentional movement of pathogens, climate change, and large-scale intensive plantations, are associated with an unprecedented rate of new diseases. An evolutionary ecology perspective can help address these challenges and provide direction for sustainable forest management.[br/] [br/] Context[br/] Forest pathology has historically relied on an ecological approach to understand and address the practical management of forest diseases. A widening of this perspective to include evolutionary considerations has been increasingly developed in response to the rising rates of genetic change in both pathogen populations and tree populations due to human activities.[br/] [br/] Aims[br/] Here, five topics for which the evolutionary perspective is especially relevant are highlighted.[br/] [br/] Results[br/] The first relates to the evolutionary diversity of fungi and fungal-like organisms, with issues linked to the identification of species and their ecological niches. The second theme deals with the evolutionary processes that allow forest pathogens to adapt to new hosts after introductions or to become more virulent in homogeneous plantations. The third theme presents issues linked to disease resistance in tree breeding programs (e.g., growth-defense trade-offs) and proposes new criteria and methods for more durable resistance. The last two themes are dedicated to the biotic environment of the tree–pathogen system, namely, hyperparasites and tree microbiota, as possible solutions for health management.[br/] [br/] Conclusion[br/] We conclude by highlighting three major conceptual advances brought by evolutionary biology, i.e., that (i) “not everything is everywhere”, (ii) evolution of pathogen populations can occur on short time scales, and (iii) the tree is a multitrophic community. We further translate these into a framework for immediate policy recommendations and future directions for research

Predicting invasion success in forest pathogenic fungi from species traits?

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Lectures anthropologiques de l'éthique entrepreneuriale

Depuis quelques années, en Asie du Sud-Est, on assiste à la mobilisation de valeurs morales, idéologiques, religieuses, aux principes de fonctionnement des entreprises, selon des spécificités locales du même ordre et au-delà de chartes et de codes. Comment ces valeurs parviennent-elles à s’inscrire dans le domaine de l’entreprise, qui doit répondre aux impératifs d’une économie globale et de ses règles uniformisées, comme dans les microstratégies des acteurs locaux ? Comment l'éthique entrepreneuriale se décline-t-elle dans des entreprises de statuts divers et dans des familles d’entrepreneurs ; quelles images ces dernières revendiquent-elles et quelles valeurs (familiales, religieuse, etc.) participent-elles de la construction de cette éthique ? En quoi l’éthique entrepreneuriale est-elle aussi le produit de la renégociation de ces valeurs entre les dirigeants de l’entreprise, ses employés et sa clientèle ou ses usagers ? Telles sont quelques-unes des interrogations auxquelles les articles de ce volume apporteront des éléments de réponses au travers de travaux ethnographiques réalisés, dans le contexte sud-est asiatique et aux marges du monde sino-indien, au sein même des entreprises ou parmi des familles d’entrepreneurs