Design and Simulation Studies of Hybrid Power Systems Based on Photovoltaic, Wind, Electrolyzer, and PEM Fuel Cells

In recent years, the need to reduce environmental impacts and increase flexibility in the energy sector has led to increased penetration of renewable energy sources and the shift from concentrated to decentralized generation. A fuel cell is an instrument that produces electricity by chemical reaction. Fuel cells are a promising technology for ultimate energy conversion and energy generation. We see that this system is integrated, where we find that the wind and photovoltaic energy system is complementary between them, because not all days are sunny, windy, or night, so we see that this system has higher reliability to provide continuous generation. At low load hours, PV and electrolysis units produce extra power. After being compressed, hydrogen is stored in tanks. The purpose of this study is to separate the Bahr AL-Najaf Area from the main power grid and make it an independent network by itself. The PEM fuel cells were analyzed and designed, and it were found that one layer is equal to 570.96 Watt at 0.61 volts and 1.04 A/Cm2. The number of layers in one stack is designed to be equal to 13 layers, so that the total power of one stack is equal to 7422.48 Watt. That is, the number of stacks required to generate the required energy from the fuel cells is equal to 203 stk. This study provided an analysis of the hybrid system to cover the electricity demand in the Bahr AL-Najaf region of 1.5 MW, the attained hybrid power system TNPC cost was about 9,573,208 USD, whereas the capital cost and energy cost (COE) were about 7,750,000 USD and 0.169 USD/kWh respectively, for one year

Effect of loading Fe3O4 nanoparticles on electrical performance of solar panel utilizing numerical modeling

The present study investigates the enhancement of the PVT system efficiency through the application of magnetic force. Dust deposition affects the glass layer of the PV, altering the magnitude of heat sources. The addition of a thermoelectric layer, attached to the silicon layer using EVA, allows for increased electrical output. A rhombus-shaped duct is filled with a homogeneous mixture of H2O and Fe3O4 nanomaterial serving as ferrofluid. The deposition of dust over the glass results in a decline of useful heat by approximately 10.11%, leading to a 25.36% decline in electrical productivity. The imposition of MHD increases thermal performance by 8.9%, and electrical efficiency can be enhanced by approximately 1.8%. The dispersion of nanoparticles contributes to a cooler silicon layer, with this positive impact being three times greater in the absence of MHD. Additionally, an increase in inlet velocity results in an 8.22% improvement in electrical performance

Development of numerical code for mathematical simulating of unsteady solidification phenomena in existence of nanomaterial

This research zeroes in on improving the freezing process by synergistically employing a wavy wall and fins. To enhance cold penetration, the phase change material (PCM) is enriched with nanoparticles, and a single-phase model is adopted due to the low nanoparticle concentration. The numerical simulations leverage the Galerkin method and the validation procedure affirms the precision of the code, extensively evaluating the impacts of φ (concentration of additives) and dp (particle diameter). With an increase in particle diameter (dp), there is an initial 19.76% decrease in the required time, succeeded by a subsequent 50.56% increase when φ = 0.04. Furthermore, an escalation in φ results in an 11.04%, 40.91%, and 26.36% reduction in completion time for dp values of 50, 40, and 30 nm, respectively. Without the inclusion of powders, the solidification process lasts for 84.8 s. However, with the introduction of the optimal powder size, this duration significantly reduces to 50.1 s. This emphasizes the efficiency improvements attained through the strategic integration of a wavy wall, fins, and PCM infused with nanoparticles

Effect of installing branch-shaped fin on cold energy saving during freezing considering nanomaterial

This research examines the solidification through a finned tank containing alumina nano-powders and water as PCM (phase change material). Mathematical models were developed, assuming a uniform concentration of nano-powders and neglecting convective term effects. The model includes three time-dependent terms, discretized using an implicit approach, with solutions obtained via the Galerkin method and convergence achieved using an adaptive mesh. The thermal conductivity of NEPCM improves with increased concentration (ϕ), resulting in a faster transition from liquid NEPCM to ice. For pure water, the complete freezing time is 6795.38 s; however, with additives, this time is reduced by 26.78 %. Additionally, using powders with a higher ''m'' value further accelerates the freezing process, decreasing the completion time by about 6.98 %. The effect of powder configuration becomes more pronounced with increasing concentration. These findings are crucial for enhancing the sustainability of natural resources by improving cold storage and solidification processes

Polymer-supported nanomaterials for photodegradation: Unraveling the methylene blue menace

In the modern era, the inaccessibility of safe drinking water has become a hot issue. In this regard, industrial chemicals are one of the most well known pollutants that disturb the water quality and make it flabby for comsumption. Amongst these pollutants, methylene blue is the most noxious, persistent, and oncogenic, as well as posing a severe risk to human health and environmental protection. This is frequently found in natural reserviors, which turn out to be a health hazard to human beings and other organisms. So, it is necessary to introduce efficient and eco-friendly techniques for eliminating organic dyes from wastewater. To meet this goal, photodegradation of the pollutants has been one of the most efficient and reliable approach for the removal of organic dyes. It can completely mineralize the dyes into nontoxic species in a cost-effective way. This article helps readers who are interested in exploring their expertise in this research area. In our study, we address both the fundamental principles of photodegradation and explore the application of polymer-supported nanomaterials for organic pollutant degradation. Our study has addressed critical parameters like irradiation time, oxidants, scavengers, pH, catalyst dosages, and most importantly, the role of reactive oxygen species in the degradation of organic dyes. This article provides a concise overview of the principles of photocatalysis, including mechanisms, reaction schemes, and end products of dye degradation. It also discusses the future outlook for consuming dyes on an industrial scale. Additionally, the article categorizes the approaches for developing efficient photocatalytic degradation of dyes

Thermal assessment of cold storage process involving nanomaterial via numerical approach

The primary aim of this study is to extend a numerical approach aimed at improving the efficiency of the solidification process. Two key strategies, namely the scattering of nano-powders and the installation of fins, were employed to intensify freezing. By approximating and neglecting the influence of velocity terms, the final equations were streamlined to form a mathematical model. To enhance accuracy, mesh adaptation was integrated with the Galerkin method for solving the model. Various scenarios were examined to assess the impression of both the shape and concentration of nano-powders on freezing. A significant correlation was observed between the concentration of additives and the efficiency of conduction, causing in a decrement in the required solidification time by approximately 32.8 %. Furthermore, modifying the shape of the nano-powders and selecting those with a higher shape factor substantially improved freezing efficiency, resulting in an increase of approximately 10.89 %

Manufacturing and experimental characterization of new-developed natural fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposite

In this work, a nanocomposite polymer is developed using less utilised palm leaf stalk fiber as natural reinforcement and nano coconut shell powder blended with polyester resin as a matrix. The fibers are extracted from palm leaves. The fibers are treated with 5% potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as an alkali for 1 h. They are then thoroughly cleaned with water and dried in an oven. The fibers are chopped into short strands. The polyester matrix is pre-prepared by blending with coconut shell nanopowder. The fabrication of the composite is completed using these mats as reinforcement in the prepared blend. Mechanical tests are performed on the newly developed composites. The experimental findings are compared to similar natural fibers, and found that palm-based composite exhibits superior values. Structural electron microscopy observations reveal the presence of matrix, reinforcement and the absence of voids due to the addition of nanopowder. The developed composite may be recommended for automobile and aerospace applications