Cost Effectiveness Analysis in Orthopaedic Surgery

The purpose of this thesis was to explore the use of cost effectiveness for interventions in orthopaedics. This was done through three cost effectiveness articles that have been published by the author. In each of these articles, similar methodologies were used. Decision models were constructed for cost-effectiveness analyses of competing orthopaedic interventions. Outcome probabilities and effectiveness values were derived from the literature. Effectiveness was expressed in quality adjusted life years gained. Cost data were compiled and verified from either hospital cost data or from Medicare data. Costs and utilities were discounted in accord with the United States Panel on Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Principal outcome measures were average incremental costs, incremental effectiveness, incremental quality-adjusted life years, and, in the case of one article, net health benefits. In particular the articles compared the following: 1. Core decompression versus conservative management for osteonecrosis of the hip as a way to delay hip replacement; 2. Total knee arthroplasty versus unicompartmental knee arthroplasty; and 3. Periacetabular osteotomy versus total hip arthroplasty for a young adult with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The more cost effective intervention was identified in each case, along with implications of the results for clinical and operative decision-making. Cost effectiveness was found to be a useful tool in orthopaedic surgery under limited circumstances of either scarce data on new interventions or the need to use more resources to achieve greater effectiveness. It also can provide excellent insight into ways to direct future clinical research

A robust facemask forgery detection system in video

An in-depth fake video uses an Artificial Intelligent (AI), AI programming, and a Personal computer (PC) mix to create a deep fake video of the action. Deep-faking can also be used to represent images and sounds. We provide insights into our reviews in this document. We're showing our dataset to start. At this point, we present the subtleties and reproductively of exploratory settings to evaluate the discovered effects finally. It is no surprise to find deep fake videos, which only monitor a tiny section of the video (e.g., the target face appears quickly on the video; hence the time is limited). We remove our system's fixed duration's persistent effects as each video contributes to the preparation, approval, and testing sections to reflect this. The edge groups are isolated from each video successively (without outline skips). The entire pipeline is ready to be finished when the approval stage is ten years old. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was the best and most reliable of the classification systems. Fake videos typically use low-quality pictures to mask faults or insist that the general public regard camera defects as unexplainable phenomena. 'This is a common trope with Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) videos: ghostly orbs are lenses; snakes are compression artifacts on one's face. In this study, we have implemented a sophisticated, knowledgeable method to recognize false images. Our test results using various monitored videos have shown that we can reliably predict whether videos are monitored through with simple co-evolutionary Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) structure

Bank Duties in Relation to Forged Cheques with Special Reference to Bahrain Law

According to the law, it’s the customer’s duty to be careful when writing out a cheque to prevent fraud and forgery. Forgery is an unauthorized alteration of a document. The customer is to inform the bank immediately as soon as he becomes aware of forgery being committed.  The bank can protect itself under section 3-407 of U.C.C – Article 3 – Negotiable Instruments (2002) by claiming that it endorsed the cheque in good faith of the client. The bank can also plead for estoppel, which means that it can assert that the customer, by choosing to remain silent, is amounting to a representation by conduct that his account is in order and correct. Thus, it would prevent the customer from taking an action against the bank due to forgery. The aim of this paper is to examine the extent of banker’s duties in relation to forged cheques and to explore the statutory and general defenses accorded to the banks on endorsing a forged cheque. Keywords: cheques, banker's duties, forgery, types of forged cheques, statutory protection

Internal Audit and its Impact on Financial Performance Evaluation an Exploratory Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Workers in the Trade Bank of Iraq – Baghdad

The research dealt with internal auditing as an independent variable and financial performance as a dependent variable, where a sample of managers working in the Trade Bank of Iraq was selected, and their number reached (84) managers. The problem of the research was diagnosed through field interviews conducted by researchers in the bank, and it lies in identifying the extent of the application of financial performance, and the internal audit was proposed to contribute to improving financial performance and through the knowledge possessed by managers in the departments on the one hand, and the relationship that binds the above concepts on the other hand. The research sought to achieve a number of goals, the most important of which are: the extent to which internal audit contributions to activating financial performance, and to test the influence relationship between the internal audit variable and the financial performance in the bank. The analytical and descriptive approach was adopted in the research, and to achieve these goals, the researchers used the questionnaire as a tool to test the research hypothesis in the practical aspect of the research, and they used research and studies that are at the heart of the research topic in the theoretical aspect, and they used the applied statistical program (SPSS.v24) to test and analyze the impact hypothesis among the research variables. There is a positive and impactful relationship to the internal audit variable in the financial performance variable in the Trade Bank of Iraq

Marketing Information Systems and Their Impact on Financial Inclusion: An analytical Study on a Sample of Iraqi Banks

The study reviews the role of marketing information systems in promoting financial inclusion in Iraq, considering the process of data collection and analysis in the market context as a complex system that primarily interacts with technological tools and information systems. It sheds light on the use of digital tools and information systems by Arab governments to achieve financial inclusion goals, also indicating the positive role that marketing information systems play in this context. The research highlights the scientific and practical importance of the study, providing a deeper understanding of the role of marketing information systems in achieving financial inclusion and encouraging further studies in this field. The analytical methodology was adopted, with a purposive random sample of 100 individuals selected from employees in financial and banking institutions, as well as individuals covered by financial inclusion in Iraq, ensuring diversity and representation. The study resulted in several important findings regarding the impact of marketing information systems on financial inclusion in Iraq. The results showed that banks maintain accuracy and reliability in their internal records within the marketing information system, with regular updates of their data. The study offered recommendations, including enhancing the infrastructure of administrative information systems and promoting digital literacy among the population. Additionally, it recommended designing financial services based on local needs, focusing on the user experience, and supporting financial education programs and innovation

Performance Evaluation and Simulation of M-Ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Schemes with VisSim/Comm Software

M-ary modulation schemes are considered one of widely used digital modulation in practice because of its high efficiency in power and bandwidth. Therefore, this necessity the need to study and evaluate the performance of M-ary schemes using simulation techniques. In this paper, the performance of M-ary modulations schemes M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is considered. Because of its efficiency in power and bandwidth, M-ary QAM (M-QAM) is one of the widely used modulation techniques in practice. Therefore, a need for studying and evaluating the performance of QAM modulation schemes is an important task for designers. In this paper, M-QAM modulation schemes for even number of bits per symbol (16, 62, and 256-QAM) and an odd number of bits per symbol (32- and 128-QAM), over Additive White Gaussian Noise channel, are studied. A VisSim/Comm simulation[1] model for M-QAM is designed. Theoretical and simulation results for bit error ratio (BER) performance of QAM modulation schemes are obtained using VisSim/Comm software. The results are evaluated and compared

The Quality of Electronic Services and their Impact on Banking Performance: An Exploratory Study of the Opinions of A Sample of Employees of Al-Rafidain Bank, Public Administration Branch – Baghdad

The current research is based on a statement of the concept of the quality of electronic services in the bank represented by an independent variable and the concept of banking performance represented by a dependent variable. They were chosen at random, As a sample of (400) employees was taken, and the research was formed as to whether there is an impact in applying the dimensions of the quality of electronic services provided by Rafidain Bank on its banking performance. The practical aspect of the research, and the research tool adopted by the researcher is the questionnaire, The ready-made statistical program (SPSS.v24) was used, and the research reached several conclusions, including: There is a statistically significant effect at the level of significance (0.05) for the variable quality of electronic services in banking performance in Rafidain Bank, Public Administration Branch

IMPLEMENTATION OF CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION TO ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY FOR A SUDANESE OIL FIELD: CASE FULA NORTH EAST FIELD

Tertiary oil recovery or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is the injection of fluids or energy to the reservoir to improve oil recovery and it can be applied at any phase of oil recovery including primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery and its objective is to increase oil recovery from reservoir depleted by secondary recovery such as water flooding. Steam Injection is to inject steam to heat the oil to higher temperatures and to decrease its viscosity so that it will be more easily to flow; cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) consists of three stages and happened in single well, CSS is particularly attractive because it has quick payout, however, recovery factors are low (10-40%) from Original Oil in Place (OOIP). In a variation, CSS is applied under fracture pressure. Fula North Field (FNE) reservoirs are highly porous (~30%), permeable (1-2) Darcy and unconsolidated in nature. the fluid properties include viscous crude with 15 to 17.7 API. Corresponding viscosity are in the range of (727 and 3800) cp at reservoir conditions and the current recovery factor is 3.6 %. The objective of this paper is to illustrate and analyze the performance of CSS phase’s implementation starting from the first pilot up to full field scale through different stages. In this paper overall analysis for the CSS performance implementation including the injection parameters in FNE field will be presented furthermore detail comparison between CSS cycles and cold production discussed. Finally the challenge for this project has been listed; Advanced Thermal EOR Simulator from Computer Modeling Group (CMG) software has been used to propose the location of the new wells and to compare between CSS and Cold case for FNE Field. The result showed that the CSS is very successful and the average oil rate is almost 1.6 times compared to cold production, the CSS only can increase the recovery percent from 32.5 to 34.2% which makes it more attractive method as development scenario for FNE oil field, and the new wells drilled with 100 % success ration

Employing Strategic Planning in Making Financing Decisions: An Analytical Study on a Sample of Iraqi Commercial Banks

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of employing strategic planning on financial decision-making using both exploratory and descriptive methods. The results demonstrated a consensus among participants regarding the importance of strategic planning and financial decisions, enhancing the competitiveness of organizations. The study also emphasizes the importance of continuous research and precise analysis of financial challenges, predicting future market changes. The researcher strongly recommended making data-driven decisions, maximizing the benefits of data analysis and financial modeling techniques in informing strategic financial decisions

Challenges in Modelling Reinforced Concrete Panels Subjected to Blast Load - A Critical Review

Reinforced concrete panels are widely used in modern facilities, and evaluating their blast loading capacity is vital for security-critical assets. Due to the high impulsive nature of blast loads, the response of reinforced concrete panels is characteristically different from that under static or low dynamic load conditions. The failure of individual components often initiates the blast load's destructive effects on the entire structure. The material breach can be caused by stress wave localized effects before the general structural response becomes significant. Numerical methods are one of the key methods for studying the behaviour of reinforced concrete panels under blast load. This paper aims to review the current state of practice in modelling reinforced concrete panels and predicting their blast capacity and failure mechanisms under blast load. The work addresses the research gaps associated with using advanced finite element modelling as compared to test results