Catechin- and caffeine-rich teas for control of body weight in humans.

Maintaining the level of daily energy expenditure during weight loss and weight maintenance is as important as maintaining satiety while decreasing energy intake. In this context, different catechin- and caffeine-rich teas (CCRTs), such as green, oolong, and white teas, as well as caffeine have been proposed as tools for maintaining or enhancing energy expenditure and for increasing fat oxidation. Tea polyphenols have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is usually present during weight loss. Their effects may be of particular importance during weight maintenance after weight loss. Although the thermogenic effect of CCRT has the potential to produce significant effects on these metabolic targets as well as on fat absorption and energy intake, possibly via its impact on the gut microbiota and gene expression, a clinically meaningful outcome also depends on compliance by the subjects. Limitations to this approach require further examination, including moderating factors such as genetic predisposition, habitual caffeine intake, and catechin composition and dose. Nevertheless, CCRTs may be useful agents that could help in preventing a positive energy balance and obesity

Capsaicin increases sensation of fullness in energy balance, and decreases desire to eat after dinner in negative energy balance.

Addition of capsaicin (CAPS) to the diet has been shown to increase satiety; therefore, CAPS is of interest for anti-obesity therapy. We investigated the effects of CAPS on appetite profile and ad libitum energy intake in relation to energy balance. Fifteen subjects (seven women and eight men, age: 29.7 +/- 10.8yrs, BMI: 23.3 +/- 2.9 kg/m2) underwent four conditions in a randomized crossover design in 36 hour sessions in a respiration chamber; they received 100% of their daily energy requirements in the conditions "100%Control" and "100%CAPS", and 75% of their daily energy requirements in the conditions "75%Control" and "75%CAPS", followed by an ad libitum dinner. In the 100%CAPS and 75%CAPS conditions, CAPS was given at a dose of 2.56 mg (1.03 g of red chili pepper, 39,050 Scoville heat units) with every meal. Satiety (P < 0.05) and fullness (P = 0.01) were measured every waking hour and before and after every meal using visual analogue scales, and were higher in the 100%CAPS versus 100%Control condition. After dinner desire to eat, satiety and fullness did not differ between 75%CAPS and 100%Control, while desire to eat was higher (P < 0.05) and satiety (P = 0.06) and fullness (P = 0.06) tended to be lower in the 75%Control versus 100%Control condition. Furthermore, ad libitum intake (P = 0.07) and overconsumption (P = 0.06) tended to decrease in 100%CAPS versus 100%Control. In energy balance, addition of capsaicin to the diet increases satiety and fullness, and tends to prevent overeating when food intake is ad libitum. After dinner, capsaicin prevents the effects of the negative energy balance on desire to eat

Effects of a breakfast yoghurt, with additional total whey protein or caseinomacropeptide-depleted alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein, on diet-induced thermogenesis and appetite suppression.

Previous studies have shown effects of high-protein diets, especially whey protein, on energy expenditure and satiety, yet a possible distinction between the effects of whey or alpha-lactalbumin has not been made. The present study assessed the effects of the addition of total whey protein (whey) or caseinomacropeptide-depleted alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein (alpha-lac) to a breakfast yoghurt drink on energy expenditure and appetite suppression in human subjects. A total of eighteen females and seventeen males (aged 20.9 (sd 1.9) years; BMI 23.0 (sd 2.1) kg/m2) participated in an experiment with a randomised, three-arm, cross-over design where diet-induced energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and satiety were measured. Breakfasts were isoenergetic and subject-specific: a normal-protein (NP) breakfast consisting of whole milk (15, 47 and 38 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively), a high-protein (HP) breakfast with additional whey or a HP breakfast containing alpha-lac (41, 47 and 12 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively). Resting energy expenditure did not differ between the three conditions. HP breakfasts (area under the curve: whey, 217.1 (se 10.0) kJ x 4 h; alpha-lac, 234.3 (se 11.6) kJ x 4 h; P < 0.05) increased diet-induced thermogenesis more compared with a NP yoghurt at breakfast (179.7 (se 10.9) kJ x 4 h; P < 0.05). Hunger and desire to eat were significantly more suppressed after alpha-lac (hunger, - 6627 (se 823); desire to eat, - 6750 (se 805) mm visual analogue scale (VAS) x 4 h; P < 0.05) than after the whey HP breakfast (hunger, - 5448 (se 913); desire to eat, - 5070 (se 873) mm VAS x 4 h; P < 0.05). After the HP breakfasts, a positive protein balance occurred (alpha-lac, 0.35 (sd 0.18) MJ/4 h; whey, 0.37 (sd 0.20) MJ/4 h; P < 0.001); after the NP breakfast a positive fat balance occurred (1.03 (sd 0.29) MJ/4 h; P < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of a breakfast yoghurt drink with added whey or alpha-lac increased energy expenditure, protein balance and decreased fat balance compared with a NP breakfast. The alpha-lac-enriched yoghurt drink suppressed hunger and the desire to eat more than the whey-enriched yoghurt drink

Effects of sleep fragmentation in healthy men on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, physical activity, and exhaustion measured over 48 h in a respiratory chamber

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies show an inverse or U-shaped relation between sleep duration and BMI. Decreases in total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity have been suggested to be contributing factors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of sleep fragmentation on energy metabolism and energy balance in healthy men. DESIGN: Fifteen healthy male subjects [mean +/- SD BMI (in kg/m(2)): 24.1 +/- 1.9; age: 23.7 +/- 3.5 y] were included in a randomized crossover study in which energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and physical activity (by radar) were measured twice for 48 h in a respiration chamber while subjects were monitored by electroencephalography to determine slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and total sleeping time (TST). During 2 nights, sleep (2330-0730 h) was either fragmented or nonfragmented. RESULTS: Fragmented sleep led to reductions in TST, SWS, and REM sleep (P < 0.001). TEE did not differ (9.96 +/- 0.17 compared with 9.83 +/- 0.13 MJ/d, NS) between the sleep groups, nor did the components of energy expenditure, with the exception of activity-induced energy expenditure (AEE; 1.63 +/- 0.15 compared with 1.42 +/- 0.13 MJ/d for fragmented and nonfragmented sleep, respectively; P < 0.05). Physical activity, exhaustion, sleepiness, respiratory quotient (RQ), and carbohydrate oxidation were elevated in comparison with nonfragmented sleep [physical activity counts: 2371 +/- 118 compared with 2204 +/- 124 counts/d, P < 0.02; exhaustion: 40.1 +/- 3.8 compared with 21.8 +/- 2.4 mm (by using a visual analog scale; VAS), P < 0.001; sleepiness: 47.4 +/- 4.2 compared with 33.9 +/- 4.6 mm (VAS), P < 0.001; RQ: 0.94 +/- 0.04 compared with 0.91 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05; and carbohydrate oxidation: 346.3 +/- 23.8 compared with 323.7 +/- 22.5 g/d, P < 0.05], whereas fat oxidation was reduced (29.1 +/- 9.1 compared with 61.0 +/- 6.6 g/d, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Fragmented compared with nonfragmented sleep induced reductions in the most important sleep phases, which coincided with elevated AEE, physical activity, exhaustion, and sleepiness. RQ and carbohydrate oxidation increased and fat oxidation decreased, which may predispose to overweight. This trial is registered at www.who.int/ictrp and www.trialregister.nl as NTR1919