Complete solution to a problem on the maximal energy of unicyclic bipartite graphs

The energy of a simple graph $G$, denoted by $E(G)$, is defined as the sum of the absolute values of all eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. Denote by $C_n$ the cycle, and $P_n^{6}$ the unicyclic graph obtained by connecting a vertex of $C_6$ with a leaf of $P_{n-6}$\,. Caporossi et al. conjecture that the unicyclic graph with maximal energy is $P_n^6$ for $n=8,12,14$ and $n\geq 16$. In``Y. Hou, I. Gutman and C. Woo, Unicyclic graphs with maximal energy, {\it Linear Algebra Appl.} {\bf 356}(2002), 27--36", the authors proved that $E(P_n^6)$ is maximal within the class of the unicyclic bipartite $n$-vertex graphs differing from $C_n$\,. And they also claimed that the energy of $C_n$ and $P_n^6$ is quasi-order incomparable and left this as an open problem. In this paper, by utilizing the Coulson integral formula and some knowledge of real analysis, especially by employing certain combinatorial techniques, we show that the energy of $P_n^6$ is greater than that of $C_n$ for $n=8,12,14$ and $n\geq 16$, which completely solves this open problem and partially solves the above conjecture.Comment: 8 page

Canonical Gauge Coupling Unification in the Standard Model with High-Scale Supersymmetry Breaking

Inspired by the string landscape and the unified gauge coupling relation in the F-theory Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) and GUTs with suitable high-dimensional operators, we study the canonical gauge coupling unification and Higgs boson mass in the Standard Model (SM) with high-scale supersymmetry breaking. In the SM with GUT-scale supersymmetry breaking, we achieve the gauge coupling unification at about 5.3 x 10^{13} GeV, and the Higgs boson mass is predicted to range from 130 GeV to 147 GeV. In the SM with supersymmetry breaking scale from 10^4 GeV to 5.3 x 10^{13} GeV, gauge coupling unification can always be realized and the corresponding GUT scale M_U is from 10^{16} GeV to 5.3 x 10^{13} GeV, respectively. Also, we obtain the Higgs boson mass from 114.4 GeV to 147 GeV. Moreover, the discrepancies among the SM gauge couplings at the GUT scale are less than about 4-6%. Furthermore, we present the SU(5) and SO(10) models from the F-theory model building and orbifold constructions, and show that we do not have the dimension-five and dimension-six proton decay problems even if M_U \le 5 x 10^{15} GeV.Comment: RevTex4, 16 pages, 5 figures, version to appear in JHE