Representing Colonial Violence: trafficking, sex work, and the violence of law

Abstract This article examines the emergence of the discourse on “domestic trafficking” of Indigenous girls and women for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Drawing on community-based experience, the author argues that the shift toward the language and framework of “human trafficking” to capture a range of offences and injustices facing Indigenous women is one of many efforts to recategorize violence against Indigenous women as worthy of legal response in the context of ongoing colonial legal violence. RésuméCet article examine l’émergence du discours sur la « traite nationale » des filles et des femmes autochtones aux fins d’exploitation sexuelle. En s’appuyant sur l’expérience communautaire, l’auteure fait valoir que l’évolution vers un langage et un cadre axés sur la « traite des personnes » pour capturer l’éventail des infractions et des injustices dont sont victimes les femmes autochtones est l’un des nombreux efforts pour reclassifier la violence contre les femmes autochtones comme étant digne d’une intervention juridique dans le contexte de la poursuite de la violence juridique coloniale

Gender Stereotypes and Representation of Women in Roald Dahl\u27s Books

The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the role and representation of women in Roald Dahl’s children’s novels. To do this, I conducted a document analysis of five of Dahl’s books - “James and the Giant Peach” (1961), “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” (1964), “Danny, The Champion of the World” (1975), “The Witches” (1983), and “Matilda” (1988) - in order to answer the following questions: How does Roald Dahl portray women and girls in his novels? What gendered stereotypes are present, and how does this portrayal change over time? I was able to answer this question through utilizing a feminist literary criticism approach. By using texts such as Simone de Beauvoir’s “The Second Sex”, I was able to frame my analysis of gender stereotyping and the creation of an image of gender in Dahl’s books. In conducting this study, I found that Roald Dahl crafts an image of what a woman is using gendered stereotypes and specific narratives. While overt stereotyping lessens over time and Dahl portrays some overt feminist ideas in his later work, his subtle dictation of what a good woman is and what a bad woman is endures throughout his entire career as a children\u27s author

The Learning Alliance Between Clinical Instructors and Students at a Campus Occupational Therapy Teaching Clinic: Support for the Development of Clinical Reasoning

In order to practice as an occupational therapist, students must complete clinical educational experience as part of their graduation requirements. During this experience, a supervising clinical instructor (CI) provides feedback and guidance that builds the foundation for clinical reasoning skills of the student. The CI-student learning alliance represents the relationship that supports this educational experience. This study used qualitative methodology based in grounded theory to examine the role of the CI-student learning alliance in facilitating students’ development of clinical reasoning by studying the relationship between CIs and fourth semester graduate occupational therapy students during a level I fieldwork experience at a university on-campus teaching clinic. Five themes emerged from the data including: 1) Clinical Instructors Assessed How a Student Learns Best; 2) Clinical Instructors Used Different Ways to Facilitate the Clinical Reasoning Process and the Learning Alliance; 3) The Nature of Feedback was Important; 4) Students Took a Positive, Active Approach to Learning; and 5) Student Autonomy was Preserved. The themes that emerged appeared to simultaneously support the learning alliance and the development of clinical reasoning. This information may provide CIs and occupational therapy students with a better understanding of strategies used in fieldwork settings that contribute to the development of an effective CI-student learning alliance and the development of students’ clinical reasoning

Review of agricultural production systems in eastern Africa in relation to food and nutrition security and climate change

The goal of this paper is to provide a unified resource for Eritrea, Djibouti, Somaliland, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. For each country the review covers the topics of livestock production systems and agroecological zones, food and nutrition security, climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) with a focus on the role of, or impact on, livestock systems. Each of these topics is broad and many excellent studies and reviews have been produced covering these topics either at the country level or for the entire East Africa region. It is the goal of this paper to provide an accessible introduction to these topics and to direct readers to the resources that exist for gathering detailed information on livestock production, food nutrition and security, climate change, GHG emissions and climate-smart livestock production in each country

It Takes Great Nerve to Walk Here: Yankee Schoolmarms and Southern Belles in Post-Bellum Freedman’s Schools—1860-1870

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the process of helping newly emancipated slaves, or Freedmen, get access to education began. Different religious and secular organizations such as the American Missionary Association and Freedman’s Bureau drummed up an army of teachers to accomplish this education mission. During the Civil War and Reconstruction, thousands of women made their way into Freedman’s classrooms across the South. The majority of these were white Northern women, while Southern white women came in much smaller numbers. This paper offers a broad survey that compares and contrasts the motivations and inhibitions of Northern and Southern white female freedmen’s teachers. Using a range of primary sources such as Freedman’s teacher’s diaries, census records, and letters, and secondary literature, the conclusion was drawn that the majority of Northern Freedmen’s teachers were motivated by social factors, such as religion, abolitionist sentiments, and higher education levels. Southern women were deterred by many of these same factors, though those who did enter the classroom usually did so out of economic necessity. Southern women were often deterred from teaching black students because of racial prejudice, and fear of social ostracization. This paper attempts to shed some light on the motivations of teachers across the South, and what inspired them to take up the cause of educating the Freedmen. It concludes that Northern women were motivated by societal factors like religious and moral conviction, and that Southern women were drawn to Freedmen’s classrooms for the possibility of economic gain

Three venepuncture techniques in babies: a comparative study

Modifying hyodermic needles for blood sampling in babies is common. However, such techniques mean that medical devices are not always used as manufacturers intend and potential and actual risks associated with their use occur. A number of new devices have recently been designed to overcome safety issues. However, whether new devices are any more effective than existing modified methods is unknown. Through a randomoised controlled trial, this study attempted to compare the safety and efficacy of three blood sampling techniques in babies: (i) the 'broken' needle, (ii) the 'modified' buttrefly' and (iii) a new 'single winged' needle designed specifically for venepuncture in babies and young children. Eligibility criteria for inclusion to the study comprised: babies twelve months of age and under, weighing over 1500 grams, requiring at least three routine blood samples to monitor their condition, six hours apart. Informed, written parental consent was also required. The sample was drawn from a neonatal intensive care unit and achildren's unit in a large teaching hospital. Ethical approval for the study was gained form the local research ethics committee. Babies recruited into the study were randomised according to the order in which the three blood sampling techniques were used. Data were collected in terms of: (1) whether the blood sample had been obtained after one, two or more than two attempts; (2) whether there was clotting in the sample and (3) whether there was bruising and the extent of the bruising measured at the largest diamter of the bruise. Fourteen babies completed the study reulting in the trail being severely underpowered. Recruitment to the study was disappointing and was, in part, attributed to a number of adverse incidents that had occurred in clinical and research practices involving babies and children, that had gained much media attention, both before and during the study period

Exploring peer revision in writing through online collaboration in a middle grades classroom

Using the method of a formative experiment, this investigation examined how the use of peer revision and collaboration in an online environment could be implemented in a seventh-grade classroom to increase revision of writing over multiple drafts and improve the quality of student expository writing. Thirty-six students in two sections of a seventh-grade English language arts class participated in the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected prior to the intervention to establish baseline data and determine progress toward the pedagogical goal. Qualitative data were also gathered and analyzed throughout the intervention to assess progress toward the goal. Quantitative data included student writing samples and Piazza and Siebert\u27s (2008) Writing Dispositions Survey. Qualitative data gathered included classroom artifacts, electronic communications between students and teachers, student interviews, focal student interviews, focal student think-alouds, teacher interviews, and field notes. Analyses revealed improvement in the amount of student revision and quality of student writing, as well as improved peer feedback using an online community for peer revision and collaboration. The success of this intervention was related to the teacher\u27s commitment to writing and reflective practice, positive student attitudes and strong bonds between students, explicit time and structures for writing and revision in the classroom, and the visibility and sense of playfulness brought to the peer revision process by technology. Inhibiting factors, unanticipated effects, and transformations to the instructional environment are also discussed

The Impact of Trajectory Prediction Uncertainty on Reliance Strategy and Trust Attitude in an Automated Air Traffic Management Environment.

Future air traffic environments have the potential to exceed human operator capabilities. In response, air traffic control systems are being modernized to provide automated tools to overcome current-day workload limits. Highly accurate aircraft trajectory predictions are a critical element of the automated tools envisioned as part of the evolution of today\u27s air traffic management system in the United States, known as NextGen. However, automation accuracy is limited due to the effects of external variables: errors such as wind forecast uncertainties. The focus of the Trajectory Prediction Uncertainty simulation at NASA Ames Research center were the effects of varied levels of accuracy on operator\u27s tool use during a time based metering task. The simulation\u27s environment also provided a means to examine the relationship between an operator\u27s reliance strategy and underlying trust attitude. Operators were found to exhibit an underlying trust attitude distinct from their reliance strategies, supporting the strategic use of the Human-Automation trust scale in an air traffic control environment