SOME ONTOLOGICAL ISSUES OF THE REA FRAMEWORK IN RELATION TO ENTERPRISE BUSINESS PROCESS

The aim of the paper is to describe using REA framework to model enterprise planning not only at the operational level but also at the policy level. Using policy level enlarges the possibility of the models on the base of the REA framework because the policy level in this way represents metalevel of the model. The policy level of the REA framework itself is comprised both of the entities related by typification, grouping and policy relationships and of the Commitment entity with the fulfilment relationship. This entity may be viewed as either a sub layer or a middle layer of the REA framework. The Commitment entity belongs to the fundamental entities of the policy level but has some specifications that are expressed by the fulfilment relationship. This many-to-many relationship forms the link to the operational level. In the paper we discuss the problem and suggest some solution that moves the Commitment entity closer to the typification and grouping semantic abstractions.REA ontology, enterprise business process, semantic abstractions

A REVIEW ON IDENTIFICATION OF CRACKS IN ALUMINIUM CANTILEVER BEAM THROUGH FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (ANSYS)

In past era of time, a wide range of researches and study works have been made and concluded by various researchers/ authors in the development of techniques for the identification of cracks (structures). It is verified by the various studies that the dynamic behavior of any structure changes causes presence of any defects such as cracks in a body of structure. Therefore, it is vital to identify the defects in structures and its components; which is generally called crack and analyze them. The present work conducted to review analytical as well as experimental investigation/studies conducted by the researchers for the identification of cracks in an aluminum cantilever beam with rectangular cross section. The main purpose of this review is to examine and to verify the extent of harm to the beam (structure) with the critical location of the crack in a cantilever beam

Approaches to overcome flow cytometry limitations in the analysis of cells from veterinary relevant species

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for the multiparameter analysis of leukocyte subsets on the single cell level. Recent advances have greatly increased the number of fluorochrome-labeled antibodies in flow cytometry. In particular, an increase in available fluorochromes with distinct excitation and emission spectra combined with novel multicolor flow cytometers with several lasers have enhanced the generation of multidimensional expression data for leukocytes and other cell types. However, these advances have mainly benefited the analysis of human or mouse cell samples given the lack of reagents for most animal species. The flow cytometric analysis of important veterinary, agricultural, wildlife, and other animal species is still hampered by several technical limitations, even though animal species other than the mouse can serve as more accurate models of specific human physiology and diseases. RESULTS: Here we present time-tested approaches that our laboratory regularly uses in the multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of ovine leukocytes. The discussed approaches will be applicable to the analysis of cells from most animal species and include direct modification of antibodies by covalent conjugation or Fc-directed labeling (Zenon™ technology), labeled secondary antibodies and other second step reagents, labeled receptor ligands, and antibodies with species cross-reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Using refined technical approaches, the number of parameters analyzed by flow cytometry per cell sample can be greatly increased, enabling multidimensional analysis of rare samples and giving critical insight into veterinary and other less commonly analyzed species. By maximizing information from each cell sample, multicolor flow cytometry can reduce the required number of animals used in a study

Approaches to overcome flow cytometry limitations in the analysis of cells from veterinary relevant species

Heutzutage ist es schwer, sich immunologische Studien ohne Durchflusszytometrie vorzustellen. Wissenschaftlern steht eine große Auswahl an Geräten, Reagenzien und Hilfsmitteln zur Verfügung, um das Immunsystem mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie zu erforschen. Multiparameter-Durchflusszytometrie ermöglicht die Erhebung wichtiger Informationen über Leukozyten, oder andere Zellpopulationen, in einem Individuum oder einer gesamten Tierart. Dies trägt zu einer Erweiterung des Wissens um das Immunsystem und dessen Funktionsweise bei. Leider ist die Analyse von Zellen mithilfe von Durchflusszytometrie in der Veterinärmedizin mit Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Durch Einschränkungen wie zum Beispiel einem limitierten Angebot an monoklonalen Antikörpern oder einer geringen Auswahl an Fluorochromen, kann das volle Potenzial von Durchflusszytometern in der Veterinärmedizin bislang nicht ausgeschöpft werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Bedeutung der Durchflusszytometrie für immunologische Studien in der Veterinärmedizin zu verdeutlichen und verfeinerte Methoden zu demonstrieren, durch welche die Nutzung der Multiparameter-Durchflusszytometrie vereinfachen werden kann. Diese Methoden umfassen die Kopplung von Fluorenzfarbstoffen an ungefärbte Antikörper, mittels kovalenter Bindung durch kommerziell verfügbare „Antibody Labeling Kits“ oder mittels kurzfristiger Bindung durch auf Fc-Fragmente gerichtete „Zenon Kits“. Darüber hinaus wurde die Nutzung von zweistufigen Reagenzien wie zum Beispiel Farbstoff-markierten Sekundärantikörpern und die häufig verwende Methode der Nutzung von Spezies übergreifenden Antikörpern demonstriert. Zuletzt wurde dargestellt, wie auch Fluoreszenz-markierte Rezeptor-Liganden zu einer Erweiterung des Repertoires an Reagenzien beitragen können. Zusammenfassend konnte die Arbeit demonstrieren, dass mit Hilfe der Anwendung dieser Methoden mindestens 12 Parameter in nicht-traditionellen Tierarten analysiert werden können, welche gleichwertig zu Studien im Mausmodell in der Humanmedizin sind. Dies kann kritische Einblicke in das Immunsystem von veterinärmedizinisch relevanten Tierarten geben, welche kritisch für die Diagnose, Prävention und Behandlung von Krankheiten sind.In recent years it has become difficult to imagine immunological studies without flow cytometry. There is an extensive amount of flow cytometers, reagents and resources available for those who wish to examine the immune system through flow cytometric studies. Through multiparameter analysis it is possible to obtain important information about leukocyte, or other cell populations, in an individual or a species, to establish a broader knowledge about the immune system and its mechanisms. Unfortunately flow cytometric analysis in veterinary species come with obstacles and limitations, such as the lack of commercially available antibodies or limited color choices. This makes it hard to establish state-of-the-art analysis in these species. This work aimed to demonstrate the importance of the use of flow cytometry in immunological studies in veterinary clinical medicine and research and presents refined technical approaches to increase the number of parameters analyzed by flow cytometry per cell sample. These approaches include the direct labeling of monoclonal antibodies with a desired fluorochrome by covalent conjugation using commercially available antibody labeling kits, or for immediate use and increased flexibility using Fc-directed Zenon labeling technology; second step reagents like labeled secondary antibodies are also discussed. In addition, this work demonstrates a popular fall back when using alternative species: cross-reactive antibodies. Lastly, we discussed labeled receptor ligands that can be employed to further enhance a reagent repertoire. These techniques provide the ability to analyze at least 12 parameters in non-traditional animal species on par with advanced studies performed in rodents and humans. This can give insight into immune system of veterinary species where a broader knowledge is crucial for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease and overall animal welfare and health

Some Ontological Issues of the REA Framework in Relation to Enterprise Business Process

The aim of the paper is to describe using REA framework to model enterprise planning not only at the operational level but also at the policy level. Using policy level enlarges the possibility of the models on the base of the REA framework because the policy level in this way represents metalevel of the model. The policy level of the REA framework itself is comprised both of the entities related by typification, grouping and policy relationships and of the Commitment entity with the fulfillment relationship. This entity may be viewed as either a sublayer or a middle layer of the REA framework. The Commitment entity belongs to the fundamental entities of the policy level but has some specifications that are expressed by the fulfillment relationship. This many-to-many relationship forms the link to the operational level. In the paper we discuss the problem and suggest some solution that moves the Commitment entity closer to the typification and grouping semantic abstractions.REA ontology; enterprise business process; semantic abstractions

Could a Resource be Simultaneously a Schedule according to the REA Ontology

This paper describes using of the Resource-Event-Agent (REA) framework to model enterprise planning at operational level. The aim is to further utilize the possibilities and potential of the framework in the areas with prevailing conversion rather than exchange processes. During the modeling we came across the situation when an entity may be viewed as two different REA concepts, which breaks the REA ontology. In the next of the paper we suggest some rational possibility how to solve the problem. The paper also partly mentions the mechanism of inner or nested classes that can be used for implementation of the two different views on the entity in the given context.REA; Business patterns; REA ontology; production schedule modelling

Enterprise planning model using REA ontology

The aim of the paper is to describe using REA framework to model enterprise planning not only at the operational level but also at the policy level. Using policy level enlarges the possibility of the models on the base of the REA framework because the policy level in this way represents metalevel of the model. The policy level of the REA framework itself is comprised of both the typification and grouping semantic abstractions and the Commitment entity. This entity may be viewed as either a sublayer or a middle layer of the REA framework. The Commitment entity belongs to the fundamental entities of the policy level but has some specifications that are expressed by the fulfillment relationship. This many-to-many relationship forms the link to the operational level. The paper thinks over the problem and suggests some solution that gets the Commitment entity closer to the typification semantic abstraction.REA framework; policy level; production planning model; typification; grouping; cardinality

Enterprise modeling:process and REA value chain perspective

The paper focuses on enterprise business value chain modeling as an alternative to business process modeling. Well known REA methodology proposed by McCarthy and Geerts is used as the basic modeling framework. The research presented in the paper results in a generic semantic enterprise model using REA ontology. This rather static model is then converted into UML activity, sequence and state diagrams thus achieving dynamic view of the REA model. The dynamic REA view connects the process model and the value chain perspectives. It is shown that by using REA model transition called dynamization not only process models at task level can be achieved but also a consistency check of the REA model can be accomplished. By means of step by step value chain modeling of the enterprise a consistent process model can be reached preserving all advantages of the typical business process modeling methodsProcess model; Value chain model; REA; Production planning