26 research outputs found
Dysmorphia and developmental anomalies in the inborn errors of metabolism
Dismorfologija je dio kliniÄke genetike koji prouÄava odstupanje od uobiÄajene morfologije u populaciji koristeÄi specifiÄna obilježja u dijagnostici i otkrivanju sindromskih poremeÄaja. DismorfiÄne crte lica i priroÄene razvojne anomalije drugih organa mogu biti vidljive pri roÄenju ili se uoÄavaju u kasnijem životnom periodu.
Iako pri razmatranju dismorfije kod nekog bolesnika obiÄno prvo ne razmiÅ”ljamo o nasljednim metaboliÄkim bolestima, prepoznavanje specifiÄnog fenotipa vezanog uz ovu skupinu bolesti može biti važan dijagnostiÄki trag, osobito kada su prisutni i drugi simptomi kao Å”to su razliÄita neuroloÅ”ka odstupanja, abnormalnosti skeleta, bolesti
jetre, zastoj u razvoju, kardiomiopatije ili abnormalnosti oka. Spoznaja o prisutnosti fiziÄkih odstupanja kod nasljednih metaboliÄkih bolesti i primjeri bolesti prikazani u tekstu važni su jer premoÅ”Äuju tradicionalne podjele te povezuju dismorfologiju i metabolizam.Dysmorphology is a part of genetics that studies the deviation from normal morphology in a population using dysmorphic features in the diagnostic workup and delineation of syndromic disorders. Dysmorphic features of the face and congenital anomalies of other organs can be recognized at birth or later in life. Although considering dysmorphia in a patient, we usually do not first think of inherited metabolic diseases, identification of specific phenotypic features can be an important diagnostic clue for many inherited metabolic diseases, especially when they are associated with other symptoms, including neurological problems, skeletal abnormalities, liver
disease, developmental delay, cardiomyopathy, or ocular abnormalities. Knowledge about the physical deviations in inherited metabolic diseases and the examples presented in the text are important because they bridge traditional divisions and connect dysmorphology and metabolis
Cleft lip and cleft palate from the genetic aspect
Rascjepi usne i nepca pripadaju skupini najÄeÅ”Äih priroÄenih anomalija. Mogu se javiti izolirano ili u sklopu sindroma. NovoroÄenÄe
s rascjepom vjerojatno Äe imati poteÅ”koÄe s hranjenjem, kasnije su moguÄe poteÅ”koÄe sluha, razvoja govora i denticije, nerijetko se
javljaju socijalne i psiholoÅ”ke teÅ”koÄe. Stoga je problematika ovih bolesnika znaÄajna s osobnog i druÅ”tvenog stajaliÅ”ta, a najbolji
uspjesi postižu se timskim pristupom. Bilo da se javljaju kao dio sindroma ili izolirano, identifi kacija brojnih gena i genskih lokusa u
etiologiji rascjepa predmet je brojnih istraživanja koja se služe razliÄitim genetiÄkim pristupima. ZahvaljujuÄi razvoju metoda sekvenciranja
svih egzona i asocijacijskih studija s obuhvaÄenjem cijelog genoma, posljednjih godina postignut je znaÄajan napredak u
razjaŔnjavanju etiologije rascjepa.Orofacial clefts are one of the most common craniofacial malformations in newborns. They can occur as part of a distinct genetic
syndrome, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome or as an isolated malformation. Aff ected individuals initially face feeding diffi culties,
and speech, hearing and dental problems later in life. Patients can experience lifelong psychosocial eff ects from these malformations.
The best treatment success is achieved by multidisciplinary team approach. Identifi cation of many genes and loci that
contribute to the etiology of these disorders has been the subject of numerous studies using multiple genetic approaches. Signifi cant
progress has been made recently due to advances in the sequencing and genotyping technologies, primarily through the use of
whole exome sequencing and genome-wide association studies
Palijativno kardiokirurÅ”ko lijeÄenje u djeteta s Edwardsovim sindromom
Trisomy of the 18th chromosome, also known as Edwards syndrome, occurs in 1:5000 live births. It is accompanied by low birth weight, low-lying ears, micrognathia, flexion contractures of the fingers, hypotonia, structural heart diseases as well as anomalies of other organs, and severe psychomotor retardation. Unfortunately, only 5 to 10% of children live to the first year.Trisomija kromosoma 18 ili Edwardsov sindrom javlja se u 1:5000 živoroÄene djece. Karakterizira ju niska rodna masa, tipiÄne anomalije poput nisko položenih uÅ”ki, mikrognatije, fleksijskih kontraktura prstiju Å”aka, hipotonije, strukturnih bolesti srca i drugih organa uz teÅ”ko psihomotorno zaostajanje. OÄekivani životni vijek je zbog spomenutih anomalija iznimno skraÄen, samo 5 do 10% djece doživi prvu godinu. Stoga se ovaj sindrom smatra teÅ”ko spojivim sa životom, a medicinske intervencije kod živoroÄenih su uglavnom u domeni palijativne skrbi
Use of microsatellite loci in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of aneuploidy and uniparental disomy
NajveÄi udio svih kromosomopatija u Äovjeka Äine Downov (trisomija kromosoma 21), Edwardsov (trisomija kromosoma 18) i
Patauov (trisomija kromosoma 13) sindrom. Navedena Äinjenica uputila je na potrebu uvoÄenja metoda koje bi omoguÄile brzu
dijagnostiku najÄeÅ”Äih numeriÄkih kromosomskih poremeÄaja, Å”to je od osobite važnosti u prenatalnoj dijagnostici. Analiza mikrosatelitskih
lokusa ili lokusa STR primjenom metode PCR-STR omoguÄila je brzu dijagnostiku najÄeÅ”Äih aneuploidija u vremenskom
razdoblju od jednog do tri dana. Prednost analize lokusa STR u prenatalnoj i postnatalnoj dijagnostici oÄituje se i u moguÄnosti
utvrÄivanja podrijetla kromosoma u dijagnostici uniparentne disomije. U KBC-u Zagreb brza prenatalna i postnatalna dijagnostika
aneuploidija i uniparentne disomije provedena je primjenom analize mikrosatelitskih lokusa kromosoma 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, X i
Y. Cilj rada je prikazati dijagnostiÄku vrijednost primijenjenih mikrosatelitskih lokusa na navedenim kromosomima. Prenatalnim
pretraživanjem 2072 uzorka plodovih voda kod njih 55 (2,65%) otkrivena je promjena u broju kromosoma. OÄekivano, u najveÄem
broju uzoraka (n=35) otkrivena je trisomija kromosoma 21. U uzorku od 54-ero ispitanika sa sumnjom na uniparentnu disomiju kod
njih 13-ero naÄena je uniparentna disomija kromosoma 15 (UPD15). Rezultati metode PCR-STR bili su u skladu s rezultatima metode
klasiÄne citogenetike. ZakljuÄno možemo reÄi da je kombinacija mikrosatelitskih lokusa koju primjenjujemo dostatno informativna
za uspjeÅ”no odreÄivanje aneuploidije kromosoma 13, 18, 21, X i Y i uniparentne disomije kromosoma 7,11,14 i 15.The largest proportion of all chromosomal anomalies in humans are syndromes Down (trisomy of chromosome 21), Edwards (trisomy
of chromosome 18) and Patau (trisomy of chromosome 13). This fact has revealed the need to introduce methods that would
allow rapid diagnosis of the most common numerical chromosomal abnormalities, which is of special importance in prenatal diagnosis.
Analysis of the microsatellite or STR locus with the PCR-STR method has given us the possibility of fast diagnosis of the most
frequent aneuploidies within one to three days. The advantage of the analysis of STR loci in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis lies in
the ability to determine the origin of chromosomes in the diagnosis of uniparental disomy. At the Zagreb University Hospital Centre,
rapid prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of aneuploidy and uniparental disomy was performed using analysis of the microsatellite
loci of chromosomes 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, X and Y. The purpose of the work was to show diagnostic value of the microsatellite loci
on the above listed chromosomes. On prenatal screening of 2072 amniotic fl uid samples, 55 (2.65%) showed change in the number
of chromosomes. As expected, the largest number of samples (n=35) showed trisomy of chromosome 21. Uniparental disomy of
chromosome 15 (UPD15) was demonstrated in 13 of 54 subjects with suspicion of uniparental disomy. The results of the PCR-STR
method were in accordance with the results of conventional cytogenetics. In conclusion, the combination of STR loci that we use is
considered good enough to determine aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y, and uniparental disomy of chromosomes 7,
11, 14 and 15
Usporedba razliÄitih dijagnostiÄkih smjernica za dijagnozu sindroma aktivacije makrofaga koji komplicira sistemski tip juvenilnog idiopatskog artritisa: iskustvo jednog centra
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a potentially fatal complication of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), caused by exaggerated but ineff ective immune response. The aim of the study was to compare the capacity of the HLH-2004 guidelines with the capacity of the MAS guidelines from 2005, and with the new set of classifi cation criteria from 2016 in diagnosing MAS complicating sJIA. Th e study included 35 children aged 1-18 diagnosed with sJIA according to ILAR criteria and treated at the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Zagreb University Hospital Centre, in the period from 2009 to 2015. Out of 35 patients diagnosed with sJIA, there were 12 girls and 23 boys, with the mean age at disease onset (Ā±SD) 5.51Ā±3.65 years. Eight patients had fl are of disease. With the guidelines from 2005, MAS was diagnosed in six (17.1%) patients with sJIA. With the new set of classifi cation criteria from 2016, MAS was diagnosed in four (11.4%) patients with sJIA. MAS was not diagnosed with the HLH-2004 guidelines. In our study, four out of six patients had MAS at the onset of sJIA, and in the rest two it occurred during relapse. Two patients with MAS developed full-blown clinical picture while another four had incomplete clinical features with minor laboratory alteration. Due to the use of diff erent diagnostic guidelines, we found diff erence in the prevalence of MAS. It was slightly higher in comparison to available studies, while other researched features, such as clinical characteristics, were similar.Sindrom aktivacije makrofaga (MAS) potencijalno je smrtonosna komplikacija sistemskog tipa juvenilnog idiopatskog artritisa (sJIA) uzrokovana prekomjernim, ali neuÄinkovitim imunim odgovorom. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je usporediti dijagnostiÄku moguÄnost smjernica HLH-2004 sa smjernicama za MAS iz 2005. godine, kao i s novim skupom klasifi kacijskih kriterija iz 2016. godine u dijagnostici MAS-a koji komplicira sJIA. U istraživanje je bilo ukljuÄeno 35 djece u dobi od 1 do 18 godina kojima je postavljena dijagnoza sJIA prema kriterijima ILAR-a i koja su lijeÄena u Klinici za pedijatriju, Zavodu za imunologiju i reumatologiju KliniÄkog bolniÄkog centra Zagreb u razdoblju od 2009. do 2015. godine. Od 35 bolesnika kojima je postavljena dijagnoza sJIA bilo je 12 djevojÄica i 23 djeÄaka koji su u vrijeme poÄetka bolesti bili prosjeÄne dobi (Ā±SD) 5,51Ā±3,65 godina. Osmero bolesnika imalo je recidiv bolesti. Prema smjernicama iz 2005. godine dijagnoza MAS-a postavljena je u Å”estero (17,1%) bolesnika sa sJIA. Prema novom skupu klasifi kacijskih kriterija iz 2016. godine dijagnoza MAS-a postavljena je u Äetvero (11,4%) bolesnika sa sJIA. Dijagnoza MAS-a nije postavljena ni u jednog bolesnika prema smjernicama HLH-2004. U naÅ”em istraživanju Äetvero od Å”estero bolesnika imalo je MAS na poÄetku sJIA, a u preostalih dvoje on se pojavio tijekom recidiva bolesti. Dvoje bolesnika s MAS-om razvilo je punu kliniÄku sliku bolesti, dok ih je preostalih Äetvoro imalo nepotpuna kliniÄka obilježja s manjim odstupanjem u laboratorijskim nalazima. Primjenom razliÄitih dijagnostiÄkih smjernica utvrdili smo razliku u uÄestalosti MAS-a. UÄestalost je bila neÅ”to viÅ”a u usporedbi s postojeÄim istraživanjima, dok su ostala istraživana obilježja poput kliniÄkih karakteristika bila sliÄna
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of intestinal malrotation in a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Prikazujemo žensko dojenÄe s fenotipskim karakteristikama sindroma Cornelia de Lange kod kojeg je dokazana i uspjeÅ”no kirurÅ”ki
lijeÄena pridružena malrotacija crijeva. Svrha je rada upozoriti na Äinjenicu da malrotacija crijeva, iako ne pripada skupini uÄestalih
simptoma sindroma Cornelia de Lange, ne smije biti izostavljena u diferencijalnoj dijagnostici gastrointestinalnih tegoba u navedenih
bolesnika.We report on a female infant with phenotypic characteristics of Cornelia de Lange syndrome and associated, successfully surgically
treated, intestinal malrotation. The purpose of this report is to point out that intestinal malrotation, as a rare element of Cornelia de
Lange syndrome, should not be left out on the diff erential diagnosis of gastrointestinal symptoms in these patients