1,537 research outputs found

    Étude de la conductivitĂ© de l'oxyde de cĂ©rium dopĂ©

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    Les piles Ă  combustible Ă  Ă©lectrolyte solide sont une alternative de plus en plus considĂ©rĂ©e pour la gĂ©nĂ©ration d’énergie dite propre. Les tempĂ©ratures d’opĂ©ration Ă©levĂ©es qui sont nĂ©cessaires (800°C - 1000°C) sont un obstacle Ă  la commercialisation. Il y a donc de la recherche sur les matĂ©riaux pouvant ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s Ă  plus basse tempĂ©rature. La recherche se fait principalement sur les matĂ©riaux d ’anode, de cathode et d ’électrolyte. Le travail prĂ©sentĂ© dans ce mĂ©moire porte sur l’étude de l'Ă©lectrolyte de la pile Ă  combustible. Pour rĂ©duire les pertes de potentiels, il importe de choisir un Ă©lectrolyte ayant une bonne conductivitĂ© ionique et une faible conductivitĂ© Ă©lectronique. L ’oxyde de cĂ©rium dopĂ© est fortement considĂ©rĂ© pour remplacer l’oxyde de zirconium stabilisĂ© Ă  l’oxyde d’yttrium. Mais avant de l’utiliser dans une pile commerciale il importe d’en connaĂźtre les propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectriques. DiffĂ©rentes compositions d’oxyde de cĂ©rium dopĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es : Le dopage Ă  10% et 20% au gadolinium, au samarium et Ă  l’yttrium. Le codopage au samarium et au gadolinium ainsi qu’au lanthane et Ă  l’yttrium. Les principales mesures qui ont Ă©tĂ© faites ont Ă©tĂ© les mesures de conductivitĂ© totale par spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance de 150°C jusqu’à 800°C. DiffĂ©rentes Ă©lectrodes de contact ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es dans le but de dĂ©terminer si une Ă©tait prĂ©fĂ©rable. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ© que pour les mesures de conductivitĂ© Ă  basse tempĂ©rature (sous 500°C) l’électrode d’or est la mieux adaptĂ©e. La rĂ©sistance des grains mesurĂ©e est semblable avec toutes les Ă©lectrodes testĂ©es, cependant la rĂ©sistance des joints de grains est la moins bien approximĂ©e avec des Ă©lectrodes de platine. L’oxyde de cĂ©rium dopĂ© Ă  20% au samarium ou au gadolinium est celui donnant les meilleures conductivitĂ©s au-dessus de 500°C avec un seul dopant. Le Ce[indice infĂ©rieur 0.8]Gd[indice infĂ©rieur 0.17]Sm[indice infĂ©rieur 0.3]O[indice infĂ©rieur 1.9] donne la meilleure conductivitĂ© de tous les Ă©chantillons mesurĂ©s avec 0,1084 Scm[indice supĂ©rieur -1] Ă  800°C. Le dopage influence beaucoup la conductivitĂ© des grains et des joints de grains. Plus la quantitĂ© de dopant augmente, plus la conductivitĂ© des grains diminue. Cependant, en augmentant le dopant on diminue l’importance relative des joints de grains dans la rĂ©sistance totale. Ainsi, sous 500°C le Ce[indice infĂ©rieur 0.9]Gd[indice infĂ©rieur 0.1]O[indice infĂ©rieur 1.9] et le Ce[indice infĂ©rieur 0.9]Sm[indice infĂ©rieur 0.1]O[indice infĂ©rieur 1.9] sont les plus conducteurs. Les capacitĂ©s des grains et des joints de grains ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. Elles sont de l’ordre de 5 pF cm[indice supĂ©rieur -1] pour les grains de 1,75 nF cm[indice supĂ©rieur -1] pour les joints de grains. L ’effet de la tempĂ©rature de frittage a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. On observe une forte croissance des grains et de la densification au-dessus de 1400°C. L’effet sur la conductivitĂ© totale au dessus de 500°C est minime sauf pour l’échantillon frittĂ© 10 h Ă  1200°C. Cependant, la rĂ©sistance des joints de grains augmente et celle des grains diminue avec une augmentation de la tempĂ©rature de frittage en raison de l’accumulation d’impuretĂ©s aux joints de grains. La conductivitĂ© Ă©lectronique a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e par la mĂ©thode de polarisation d’Hebb-Wagner avec une Ă©lectrode bloquante. Le nombre de transport ionique Ă  0,21 atm et de plus de 0,9991 Ă  600°C, la conductivitĂ© Ă©lectronique est donc nĂ©gligeable Ă  la pression ambiante. Le nombre de transport a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ© Ă  l’aide d ’une cellule Ă  deux compartiments avec un mĂ©lange d’argon et d’oxygĂšne (1% et 0,01%) d’un cĂŽtĂ© et d’air de l’autre. La comparaison des nombres de transport obtenus avec ceux calculĂ©s avec la conductivitĂ© Ă©lectronique montre que cette mĂ©thode donne des nombres de transport plus faible que l’autre mĂ©thode. Des fuites dans le scellant pourraient expliquer cette diffĂ©rence. Les potentiels de circuit ouvert mesurĂ©s en prĂ©sence d’hydrogĂšne humidifiĂ© varient de 0,943 V Ă  0,805 V pour le Ce[indice infĂ©rieur 0.8]Gd[indice infĂ©rieur 0.2]O[indice infĂ©rieur 1.9] de 600°C Ă  800°C et de 0,925 V Ă  0,787 V pour le Ce[indice infĂ©rieur 0.9]Gd[indice infĂ©rieur 0.1]O[indice infĂ©rieur 1.9], soit de 200 Ă  300 mV plus bas que les potentiels thĂ©oriques, indiquant une conductivitĂ© Ă©lectronique non nĂ©gligeable en milieu avec une faible pression partielle d’oxygĂšne

    Patients' preferences for subcutaneous trastuzumab versus conventional intravenous infusion for the adjuvant treatment of HER2-positive early breast cancer: final analysis of 488 patients in the international, randomized, two-cohort PrefHer study

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    PrefHer revealed compelling and consistent patient preference for subcutaneous (s.c.) trastuzumab, regardless of delivery by single-use injection device or hand-held syringe. s.c. trastuzumab was well-tolerated and safety data, including immunogenicity, were consistent with previous reports. No new safety signals were identified compared with the known intravenous trastuzumab profile in early breast cance

    Impact of Cerebral Microbleeds in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

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    OBJECTIVES: Cerebral microbleeds are associated with the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, causing clinical dilemmas for antithrombotic treatment decisions. We aimed to evaluate the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke associated with microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with Vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and combination therapy (i.e. concurrent oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet) METHODS: We included patients with documented atrial fibrillation from the pooled individual patient data analysis by the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network. Risks of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were compared between patients with and without microbleeds, stratified by antithrombotic use. RESULTS: A total of 7,839 patients were included. The presence of microbleeds was associated with an increased relative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (aHR 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.76 - 4.26) and ischemic stroke (aHR 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.04 - 1.59). For the entire cohort, the absolute incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than intracranial hemorrhage regardless of microbleeds burden. However, for the subgroup of patients taking combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage exceeded that of ischemic stroke in those with 2-4 microbleeds (25 vs 12 per 1,000 patient-years) and ≄11 microbleeds (94 vs 48 per 1,000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION: Patients with atrial fibrillation and high burden of microbleeds receiving combination therapy have a tendency of higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage than ischemic stroke, with potential for net harm. Further studies are needed to help optimize stroke preventive strategies in this high-risk group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

    Sex Differences in Frequency, Severity, and Distribution of Cerebral Microbleeds

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    Measurement of differential cross sections for top quark pair production using the lepton plus jets final state in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

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    National Science Foundation (U.S.

    Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV

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    Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated tt‟\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}} events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The heavy-flavour jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV)

    Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector

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    The CMS apparatus was identified, a few years before the start of the LHC operation at CERN, to feature properties well suited to particle-flow (PF) reconstruction: a highly-segmented tracker, a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter, a hermetic hadron calorimeter, a strong magnetic field, and an excellent muon spectrometer. A fully-fledged PF reconstruction algorithm tuned to the CMS detector was therefore developed and has been consistently used in physics analyses for the first time at a hadron collider. For each collision, the comprehensive list of final-state particles identified and reconstructed by the algorithm provides a global event description that leads to unprecedented CMS performance for jet and hadronic tau decay reconstruction, missing transverse momentum determination, and electron and muon identification. This approach also allows particles from pileup interactions to be identified and enables efficient pileup mitigation methods. The data collected by CMS at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV show excellent agreement with the simulation and confirm the superior PF performance at least up to an average of 20 pileup interactions

    Search for heavy resonances decaying to a top quark and a bottom quark in the lepton+jets final state in proton–proton collisions at 13 TeV

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    info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

    Evidence for the Higgs boson decay to a bottom quark–antiquark pair

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    info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

    Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of flow harmonics in pPb and PbPb collisions

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    info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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