Regions identified in the regression analysis.

<p>Center-of-mass coordinates are in the MNI152 (LPI) standard and structure labels are from the Talairach & Tournoux atlas. RL: Right-Left, AP: Anterior-Posterior, IS: Inferior-Superior. STG: Superior Temporal Gyrus, IFG: Inferior Frontal Gyrus, AI: Anterior Insula. BA: Brodmann Area. Crossover point refers to the location on the x-axis (years of use or weeks of abstinence) where the regression (solid) line for the CD users intersects with the mean of the control participants (dashed line). Term refers to the term of interest in the regression model (years of use or weeks of abstinence) from which the clusters were derived. Polarity refers to the sign (positive or negative) of the regression coefficients from which the cluster was generated.</p

Regions in the right posterior cingulate, left insula and left and right superior frontal gyrii showing increased GM with weeks of abstinence.

<p>The solid line is the robust regression line for CD individuals. The dashed line is the mean GM in the same ROI for the control participants.</p

Demographic characteristics for the control and abstinent cocaine groups.

<p>Entries are of the form: mean ± SEM (min-max). Gender was compared using the binomial proportion test; all other observations were compared by Welsh T-tests. C = control, CD = cocaine dependent. Significance code: p ≤ 0.001 ‘***’.</p

Regions in the left and right anterior cingulate showing, respectively, increases in GM with weeks of abstinence and decreases in GM with years of use.

<p>The solid line is the robust regression line for CD individuals. The dashed line is the mean GM in the same ROI for the control participants.</p

Table_1_Prospective associations of family conflict with alcohol expectancies in the adolescent brain cognitive development study: effects of race and ethnicity.docx

IntroductionAlcohol expectancies predict subsequent alcohol use and related problems among adolescents, although predictors of alcohol expectancies remain unclear. This study examined the longitudinal association between family conflict, a sociocultural factor strongly implicated in adolescent alcohol use, and positive and negative alcohol expectancies of adolescents of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds.MethodsData were from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 4.0 release, a multisite longitudinal study (N = 6,231, baseline age 9–10). Linear mixed-effects regression, with interactions between race/ethnicity and family conflict, tested the association between family conflict and alcohol expectancies, for each racial/ethnicity (e.g., Black vs. non-Black; White vs. non-White).ResultsInteractions of family conflict with race/ethnicity in predicting negative and positive alcohol expectancies were statistically significant for models testing Black and White adolescents, but not for Asian, Hispanic, and Other. Family conflict at baseline predicted lower negative alcohol expectancy for Black adolescents (B = −.166, p = 0.033) and positive alcohol expectancy for White adolescents (B = 0.71, p = 0.023) at the year 3 follow-up. All models controlled for sex, age, family socioeconomic status, alcohol expectancies at year 1, and family conflict at year 3.ConclusionThe results indicate that family conflict is a potential risk factor for problematic alcohol expectancies for Black and White adolescents. Although we did not directly compare Black and White adolescents, our findings indicate that family conflict may operate differently for Black and White adolescents. Prevention and intervention efforts targeting family conflict may be relevant for different aspects of alcohol expectancies in Black and White families.</p

Significant clusters of the cortical thickness correlation with hours of video gaming per week in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left frontal eye fields (FEF) (multiple comparison corrected, <i>p</i><0.01).

<p>Significant clusters of the cortical thickness correlation with hours of video gaming per week in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left frontal eye fields (FEF) (multiple comparison corrected, <i>p</i><0.01).</p

One-factor model (A).

<p>Higher-order model (B). (N = 1938).</p

Anatomical locations for the four significant clusters correlated with Compulsivity and three correlated with Externalizing Behaviors identified in the VBM analysis.

<p>Anatomical locations for the four significant clusters correlated with Compulsivity and three correlated with Externalizing Behaviors identified in the VBM analysis.</p

Hierarchical linear regressions predicting symptom severity at 16 years, accounting for site as cluster.

<p>Note. β = Standardised beta; SE = Standard Error</p><p>***<i>p</i>≤.001</p><p>**<i>p</i> ≤ .01</p><p>*<i>p</i> < .05</p><p>GAD = Generalised Anxiety Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; ADHD = Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder; CD = Conduct Disorder, H = Hopelessness, AS = Anxiety-Sensitivity; IMP = Impulsivity, SS = Sensation-Seeking, Neur = Neuroticism, Extr = Extraversion, Open = Openness, Agree = Agreeableness, Cons = Conscientiousness</p><p>† Results remained unchanged when personality was removed from the model.</p><p>Hierarchical linear regressions predicting symptom severity at 16 years, accounting for site as cluster.</p

Pearson’s <i>r</i> correlation values between emotional biases, personality traits and mental health symptoms at 14 years.

<p>Note. *<i>p</i><.0004 (significance level adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni test)</p><p>DAWBA = Development and Well-Being Assessment, GAD = Generalised Anxiety Disorder; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; ADHD = Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder; CD = Conduct Disorder, SURPS = Substance Use and Risk Profile Scale, H = Hopelessness, AS = Anxiety-Sensitivity; IMP = Impulsivity, SS = Sensation-Seeking, NEO-FFI = NEO Five-Factor Inventory; Neur = Neuroticism, Extr = Extraversion, Open = Openness, Agree = Agreeableness, Cons = Conscientiousness</p><p>Pearson’s <i>r</i> correlation values between emotional biases, personality traits and mental health symptoms at 14 years.</p