Lower extremity injuries in automobile crashes+

The new United States National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) data on tow-away automobile crashes was reviewed to determine the details of the more severe injuries of the lower extremity. This review includes the frequency of injury by limb segments (pelvis, thigh, knee, leg and ankle/foot), the vehicle structure contacted to produce these injuries, and the injuries/contact differences among car occupants. Some of the finds are: of the various body regions having the more severe injuries, the lower extremity ranks second only to the thorax; lap-shoulder belted occupants hardly ever sustain the more severe lower extremity injuries; and severe lower extremity injuries occur primarily in frontal crashes. Extrapolation of the NCSS data for national estimates indicates that the more serious lower extremity injuries in car crash survivors approximately equals the total number of passenger car occupants who are killed annually (27,000).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/24011/1/0000260.pd

Quality assessment of programmable logic controller (PLC) programs

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have traditionally been used on numerous machines for control of the various processing and manufacturing steps. In response to an initiative by the Expert Committee Chemical Industry (FA CH), suitable metrics have been defined in order to permit rapid static analysis of comprehensive PLC programs. A tool was developed for this purpose which is also able to determine quality criteria. Additional to seven of the new metrics five metrics derived from Halstead and McCabe are used to determine the quality-criteria: testability, self-description, legibility and simplicity. New concepts were developed to determine and to calculate these criteria. The results are documented in hyper-language files with links to the called modules and control-graphs for each function. The tool was validated by three voluminous PLC-programs, two are from industrial projects

An experimental study in bio-ballistics : Femoral fractures produced by projectiles

Very few quantitative data are available on the response of human bones to projectile impacts. Steel spheres of various diameters were projected at embalmed human femurs. Electronic monitoring and high-speed photography were used to determine the amount of energy lost by the projectiles in fracturing the femurs. The extent of damage produced by the projectiles was studied quantitatively, and the effects of projectiles of different diameters were determined.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33139/1/0000525.pd