Automobile Accidents

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66673/2/10.1177_019263656805232818.pd

Mechanics in the Production of Mandibular Fractures: A Study with the "Stresscoat" Technique. I. Symphyseal Impacts

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68222/2/10.1177_00220345610400050601.pd

Anatomy, injury frequency, biomechanics, and human tolerances: NCSS project - literature review

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/543/2/46579.0001.001.pd

Ocular injuries in automobile crashes

Journal: Journal of Trauma, Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan. 1982, p. 50-52National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/351/2/54884.0001.001.pd

Mandibular Fractures as Related to the Site of Trauma and the State of Dentition

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66573/2/10.1177_00220345610400062001.pd

Injury frequency and severity in rollover car crashes as related to occupant ejection, contacts and roof damage : --An analysis of national crash severity study data--

National Crash Severity Study data on tow-away, passenger cars that rolled over and had top damage due to ground contact were reviewed to study the occupants, overall injury severity, the influence of vehicle factors (occupant contacts and roof damage) on occupant injury frequency, and the effects of occupant ejection. The frequency of the more serious injuries or fatalities to rollover occupants who are not ejected is the same as in occupants in all types of crashes. The more serious injuries and fatalities are 17 times more frequent to ejected occupants in rollover crashes. Of the serious injuries more are sustained by occupant to ground contact than by occupant/roof interaction. Roof damage is not causally related to injury severity in rollover crashes.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25106/1/0000538.pd

Lower extremity injuries in automobile crashes+

The new United States National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) data on tow-away automobile crashes was reviewed to determine the details of the more severe injuries of the lower extremity. This review includes the frequency of injury by limb segments (pelvis, thigh, knee, leg and ankle/foot), the vehicle structure contacted to produce these injuries, and the injuries/contact differences among car occupants. Some of the finds are: of the various body regions having the more severe injuries, the lower extremity ranks second only to the thorax; lap-shoulder belted occupants hardly ever sustain the more severe lower extremity injuries; and severe lower extremity injuries occur primarily in frontal crashes. Extrapolation of the NCSS data for national estimates indicates that the more serious lower extremity injuries in car crash survivors approximately equals the total number of passenger car occupants who are killed annually (27,000).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/24011/1/0000260.pd

Use of quadruped models in thoraco-abdominal biomechanics research

Pigs and dogs have become common models of human thoraco-abdominal impact response. This paper summarizes a comparative analysis of the dog and pig to the live human accomplished through a series of necropsies performed on pigs and dogs. The results are summarized below. Emphasis is placed on specific aspects which are felt to be important for impact biomechanics. In particular, emphasis is placed upon the effect of tethering structures because of their potential in explaining mechanisms of injury for specific types of trauma such as aortic and certain liver injuries. Some aspects of tethering in the pig and dog are significantly different from that of the live human so care should be taken when using these animals in thoraco-abdominal biomechanics experiments.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26446/1/0000534.pd

Some biases in the alcohol investigative process in traffic fatalities

This study compares data regarding alcohol involvement from police records and from chemical analyses of body fluids taken prior to or after death of 121 traffic fatalities in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Differences regarding the choice of who will or will not be screened for alcohol were found. The police and emergency room personnel were more likely to focus on males and drivers, while medical examiners were less biased. The police documented whether or not drinking took place in only 36% of the cases and suspected drinking in only half of these cases. Males and at-fault drivers were most likely to be investigated. Blood alcohol level was measured before death in 11 of 29 emergency room treated victims, with 10 (91%) positive samples. All but two of those tested before death were drivers, and all but one were males. After death, blood alcohol was measured in 47% of the 121 cases, with a higher proportion of males and motor-vehicle occupants tested, compared to females and pedestrians. Alcohol was detected in 63% of the samples. A lower mean blood alcohol concentration was found in victims who received intravenous treatment, and a higher proportion of positive samples was found in victims who died immediately in the crash. Thus, the frequency of alcohol-related traffic fatalities varied between the different data sources. The police records revealed 51%, the emergency records 91%, and the medical examiner records 63% with alcohol involvement. This wide discrepancy has the potential of leading to erroneous results here and possibly in studies done elsewhere. To avoid a bias in blood alcohol figures, the authors stress the importance of routinely investigating all severely and fatally injured traffic victims. To yield an accurate result, the sample should ideally be taken as soon as possible after the crash and prior to intravenous treatment.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/29822/1/0000168.pd

Infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design: Pediatric and anatomical considerations for design of child restraints

The infant and child differ structurally from the adult in a number of ways which are critical to the design for protection against impact forces and for adequate occupant restraint systems. The purpose of this paper is to bring together a profile of the anatomy, anthropometry, growth, and development of the infant and child. Age differences related to the proper design of child restraint systems are emphasized. Problems discussed include child-adult structural differences, center of gravity of the body, the head mass in relation to the neck and general body proportions, positions of key organs, and biomechanical properties of tissues.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32937/1/0000320.pd