A Ceramic Analysis of a Caddo Village Site in the Northern Caddo Frontier: An Archaeological Investigation of the School Land I Site (34DL64) in Delaware County, Oklahoma

School Land I was a Spiroan Caddo village site positioned near the northern periphery of the Caddo cultural area in present-day northeast Oklahoma. This site was excavated in 1939 and 1940 as a salvage attempt to gather what information they could before the site was destroyed by the subsequent flooding caused by the construction of the Pensacola Dam. The WPA uncovered 15 structures in nine areas along with an assortment of artifacts including ceramics, lithics, and faunal materials. The focus of this thesis is on the ceramic assemblage recovered from School Land I. I analyzed 1,497 ceramic sherds for this study. No whole vessels were recovered. This analysis focused on physical attributes such as size, wall thickness, weight, temper, and surface treatment for all sherds. Diagnostic sherds such as decorated and rim, sherds underwent additional analysis. These ceramic attributes, along with sherd counts and ethnographic evidence, are used to interpret the structures of this site were used. The results of my analysis will show various statistics concerning sherd counts and averages of the individual sherds and such attributes such as tempers, surface treatments, and decorations as they relate to the site as a whole and to individual structures. This data will be used to answer the questions: Are there any differences in the assemblages between buildings? If there is a difference between the structure’s assemblages, do these reflect time of occupation, or do they reflect different purposes and uses of those buildings

Analysis and optimization of CHP, CCHP, CHP-ORC, and CCHP-ORC systems

Increased demand for energy, rising energy costs, and heightened environmental concerns are driving forces that continually press for the improvement and development of new technologies to promote energy savings and emissions reduction. Combined heating and power (CHP), combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP), and organic Rankine cycles (ORC) are a few of the technologies that promise to reduce primary energy consumption (PEC), cost, and emissions. CHP systems generate electricity at or near the place of consumption using a prime mover, e.g. a combustion engine or a turbine, and utilize the accompanying exhaust heat that would otherwise be wasted to satisfy the building’s thermal demand. In the case of CCHP systems, exhaust heat also goes to satisfy a cooling load. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) combined with a CHP or CCHP system can generate electricity from any surplus low-grade heat, thereby reducing the total primary energy, cost, and emissions. This research first presents a review of the economical, energetic, and environmental benefits of CHP and CHP-ORC systems for a small office in various climates. Operating the systems 24 hours a day is compared to operating the system during typical office hours and benefits of the CHP system in terms of the EnergyStar and LEED programs are presented. Another objective of this dissertation is to study the critical role of the prime mover on the performance of CHP, CCHP, CHP-ORC, and CCHP-ORC systems under different pricing structures. Three different size natural gas engines are simulated for a small office under different operational strategies such as: follow the facility\u27s electric demand, follow the facility\u27s thermal demand, and follow a constant load. Simple optimizations were carried out to improve the system\u27s performance. Using real prices for electricity and fuel to compute operational costs was compared to using the building\u27s average prices without a CCHP system. Finally, a CCHP system using a load-share turbine for a large office building was examined while considering the source of carbon dioxide emissions, carbon offsetting through purchasing carbon credits, and available capital costs

A Simplified Model Of Heat And Mass Transfer Between Air And Falling-Film Desiccant In A Parallel-Plate Dehumidifier

A simplified model is developed to predict the heat and mass transfer between air and fallingilm liquid desiccant during dehumidification in a parallel-plate absorber. Compared to the second-order partial differential equations that describe fluid motion, first-order, non-coupled, ordinary differential equations are used to estimate the heat and mass transferred and explicit equations are derived from conservation principles to determine the exiting conditions of the absorber for different flow arrangements. The model uses a control volume approach that accounts for the change in desiccant film thickness and property values. The model agreed with a more complicated parallel flow model in literature. Using existing experimental data for a counterflow arrangement the model was validated over the range of input variables at the level of 8% for varying inlet desiccant flow rates and 10% for varying inlet air mass flow rates when an experimentally determined mass transfer coefficient was used in the model

Examination of the optimal operation of building scale combined heat and power systems under disparate climate and GHG emissions rates

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Applied Energy and the definitive published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.108This work aims to elucidate notions concerning the ideal operation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefits of combined heat and power (CHP) systems by investigating how various metrics change as a function of the GHG emissions from the underlying electricity source, building use type and climate. Additionally, a new term entitled \CHP Attributable" reductions is introduced to quantify the benefits from the simultaneous use of thermal and electric energy, removing benefits achieved solely from fuel switching and generating electricity more efficiently. The GHG emission benefits from implementing internal combustion engine, microturbines, and phosphoric acid (PA) fuel cell based CHP systems were evaluated through an optimization approach considering energy demands of prototypical hospital, office, and residential buildings in varied climates. To explore the effect of electric GHG emissions rates, the ideal CHP systems were determined under three scenarios: \High" GHG emissions rates, \Low" GHG emissions rates, and \Current" GHG emissions rate for a specific location. The analysis finds that PA fuel cells achieve the highest GHG emission reductions in most cases considered, though there are exceptions. Common heuristics, such as electric load following and thermal load following, are the optimal operating strategy under specific conditions. The optimal CHP capacity and operating hours both vary as a function of building type, climate and GHG emissions rates from grid electricity. GHG emissions reductions can be as high as 49% considering a PA fuel cell for a prototypical hospital in Boulder, Colorado however, the \CHP attributable reductions are less than 10%