Cooling effect in emissions of 103mRh excited by bremsstrahlung

Nonlinear characteristic emissions of K alpha, K beta and gamma with a significant triplet splitting at room temperature are observed from the long-lived nuclear state of 103mRh excited by bremsstrahlung irradiation. A pronounced phase-transition-like narrowing of the emission profiles occurs immediately after the sample is cooled down to 77 K. The room temperature profiles reappear again abruptly and almost reversibly as the temperature drifts freely back to approximately the ice point after the filling of liquid nitrogen is stopped. These emission properties at 300 K and at low temperature may indicate that the 103mRh nuclei are in collective states

Imaging of small objects and soft materials at optimum energy using tomographic device based on image intensifier

Images of small plastic and food materials are obtained using a tomographic device based on image intensifier at optimum energy. The nux emitted by the X-ray tube is filtered using appropriate filters at the chosen optimum energy and reasonable monochromacy is achieved and the images are acceptably distinct. X-ray imaging is an established technique of detecting strongly attenuating materials as distinguished from weakly attenuating materials. The image contrast between the weakly attenuating materials can be enhanced by optimum selection of the energy and improving the spatial resolution. The image contrast between soft materials could be significantly enhanced by optimal selection of the energy of the X-rays using Monte Carlo methods. The images are analyzed using the profile data showing the internal defect of the object. It offers a new nondestructive method using the ionizing radiation techniques. With optimum value of energy and improving the spatial resolution the image contrast of the weakly attenuating materials can be improved considerably

Measurements of elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections using monoenergetic K-alfa radiation

Elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections for low, medium and high Z atoms are measured in vacuum using an X-ray tube with a secondary target as an excitation source. Monoenergetic K alpha radiation emitted from the secondary target is used to excite the sample. Monoenergetic radiation is also produced using two secondary targets coupled to an X-ray tube and the radiation from the second target of the system is used to excite the sample. Elastic and inelastic scattering of K alpha X-ray line energies of the secondary target by the sample are recorded with Hp Ge and Si(Li) detectors

Measurements of atomic Rayleigh scattering cross-sections: A new approach based on solid angle approximation and geometrical efficiency?

Atomic Rayleigh scattering cross-sections for low. medium and high Z atoms are measured in vacuum using X-ray tube with a secondary target as an excitation source instead of radioisotopes. Monoenergetic Kalpha radiation emitted from the secondary target and monoenergetic radiation produced using two secondary targets with filters coupled to an X-ray tube are compared. The Kalpha. radiation from the second target of the system is used to excite the sample. The background has been reduced considerably and the monochromacy is improved. Elastic scattering of Kalpha X-ray line energies of the secondary target by the sample is recorded with Hp Ge and Si (Li) detectors. A new approach is developed to estimate the solid angle approximation and geometrical efficiency for a system with experimental arrangement using X-ray tube and secondary target. The variation of the solid angle is studied by changing the radius and length of the collimators towards and away from the source and sample. From these values the variation of the total solid angle and geometrical efficiency is deduced and the optimum value is used for the experimental work. The efficiency is larger because the X-ray fluorescent source acts as a converter. Experimental results based on this system are compared with theoretical estimates and good agreement is observed in between them