Single-Cell RNA sequencing of leaf sheath cells reveals the mechanism of rice resistance to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)

The brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens) sucks rice sap causing leaves to turn yellow and wither, often leading to reduced or zero yields. Rice co-evolved to resist damage by BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms, including the cells and tissues, involved in the resistance are still rarely reported. Single-cell sequencing technology allows us to analyze different cell types involved in BPH resistance. Here, using single-cell sequencing technology, we compared the response offered by the leaf sheaths of the susceptible (TN1) and resistant (YHY15) rice varieties to BPH (48 hours after infestation). We found that the 14,699 and 16,237 cells (identified via transcriptomics) in TN1 and YHY15 could be annotated using cell-specific marker genes into nine cell-type clusters. The two rice varieties showed significant differences in cell types (such as mestome sheath cells, guard cells, mesophyll cells, xylem cells, bulliform cells, and phloem cells) in the rice resistance mechanism to BPH. Further analysis revealed that although mesophyll, xylem, and phloem cells are involved in the BPH resistance response, the molecular mechanism used by each cell type is different. Mesophyll cell may regulate the expression of genes related to vanillin, capsaicin, and ROS production, phloem cell may regulate the cell wall extension related genes, and xylem cell may be involved in BPH resistance response by controlling the expression of chitin and pectin related genes. Thus, rice resistance to BPH is a complicated process involving multiple insect resistance factors. The results presented here will significantly promote the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of rice to insects and accelerate the breeding of insect-resistant rice varieties

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis provide insight into the resistance response of rice against brown planthopper

IntroductionThe brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is one of the most economically significant pests of rice. The Bph30 gene has been successfully cloned and conferred rice with broad-spectrum resistance to BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Bph30 enhances resistance to BPH remain poorly understood.MethodsHere, we conducted a transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of Bph30-transgenic (BPH30T) and BPH-susceptible Nipponbare plants to elucidate the response of Bph30 to BPH infestation.ResultsTranscriptomic analyses revealed that the pathway of plant hormone signal transduction enriched exclusively in Nipponbare, and the greatest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) signal transduction. Analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) revealed that DAMs involved in the amino acids and derivatives category were down-regulated in BPH30T plants following BPH feeding, and the great majority of DAMs in flavonoids category displayed the trend of increasing in BPH30T plants; the opposite pattern was observed in Nipponbare plants. Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that the pathways of amino acids biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were enriched. The content of IAA significantly decreased in BPH30T plants following BPH feeding, and the content of IAA remained unchanged in Nipponbare. The exogenous application of IAA weakened the BPH resistance conferred by Bph30.DiscussionOur results indicated that Bph30 might coordinate the movement of primary and secondary metabolites and hormones in plants via the shikimate pathway to enhance the resistance of rice to BPH. Our results have important reference significance for the resistance mechanisms analysis and the efficient utilization of major BPH-resistance genes

Dynamic Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Changes on Surface Runoff in the Mountainous Region of the Haihe River Basin, China

The relative contributions of different factors to the variation in surface runoff have been broadly quantified. However, little attention has been paid to how these relative contributions have changed over time. We analyzed the changes in surface runoff during 1980–2010 in six subbasins in the mountainous region of the Haihe River Basin, one of the most serious water shortage regions in China, and identified the changes in the relative contributions of climate (precipitation and temperature) and land-use to surface runoff decrease. There was a decreasing tendency in surface runoff in all subbasins, four of which had an abrupt change point around 1998. Comparing the relative contributions before and after 1998 in the four subbasins, the average influence of climate was found to decline dramatically from 67.1% to 30.5%, while that of land-use increased from 23.9% to 69.5% mainly due to the increase of forest area. Our results revealed that the primary environmental factor responsible for runoff variations was not constant, and an alternation may accentuate the impact and stimulate an abrupt change of runoff in semiarid and semihumid mountainous regions. This will help in taking tracking measures to deal with the complex water resource challenges according to different driving factors

Simultaneous occurrence of extralobar pulmonary sequestration, esophageal duplication, and bronchogenic cysts in a Chinese child: a rare case report

The occurrence of simultaneous extralobar pulmonary sequestration, esophageal duplication, and bronchogenic cysts is relatively low. We report the case of a 9-month-old Chinese child who had a right lung cyst, detected in utero and was closely monitored until birth. At age 9 months, contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed right mediastinal extralobar pulmonary sequestration and two cysts. The patient did not exhibit any abnormalities. However, the parents were concerned about the disease. Following positive psychological counseling to the parents, surgery was the strong desire. Subsequently, successful thoracoscopic surgery was performed, excising the three lesions. No postoperative complications occurred. Postoperative pathology confirmed extralobar pulmonary sequestration syndrome combined with esophageal duplication and bronchogenic cysts. The patient was followed-up at 1 and 12 months postoperatively and recovered well with no abnormal space occupation. In such cases, preoperative imaging examinations should be carefully performed, and intraoperative exploration should correspond to that before surgery to avoid lesion omission

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of large-toothed Siberian shrew (Sorex daphaenodon)

The mitochondrial genome of Sorex daphaenodon was sequenced and analyzed for the first time using muscle tissue. This genome was 17351 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, 1 control region and 1 rep_origin. The phylogenetic analysis basis of 12 protein-coding genes except for ND6 gene of 13 species shows that Sorex daphaenodon close with Sorex tundrensis, and was farthest related to Sorex cylindricauda in the genus of Sorex

The complete mitochondrial genome of Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii waleckii)

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Leuciscus waleckii waleckii was sequenced and got a whole length of 16605 bp. This genome was contain 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, 13 protein-coding genes, 1 control region (D-loop) and 1 replication origin. And the nucleotide composition of this mitochondrial genome is 27.72% for A, 26.28% for T, 27.23% for C and 18.77% for G. To clarify the phylogenetic relationship of the Leuciscus waleckii waleckii, we concluded the phylogenetic tree using 12 PCGs (except ND6) of mitochondrial genome in Leuciscus waleckii waleckii and 16 other cyprinid fish by Bayesian inference (BI) methods and maximum-likelihood (ML). And the result show that Leuciscus waleckii waleckii was close to other Leuciscus species, especially Leuciscus baicalensis