Neutrino oscillations in de Sitter space-time

We try to understand flavor oscillations and to develop the formulae for describing neutrino oscillations in de Sitter space-time. First, the covariant Dirac equation is investigated under the conformally flat coordinates of de Sitter geometry. Then, we obtain the exact solutions of the Dirac equation and indicate the explicit form of the phase of wave function. Next, the concise formulae for calculating the neutrino oscillation probabilities in de Sitter space-time are given. Finally, The difference between our formulae and the standard result in Minkowski space-time is pointed out.Comment: 13 pages, no figure

TNFRSF11B computational development network construction and analysis between frontal cortex of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and HIVE-control patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>TNFRSF11B </it>computational development network construction and analysis of frontal cortex of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) is very useful to identify novel markers and potential targets for prognosis and therapy.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>By integration of gene regulatory network infer (GRNInfer) and the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) we identified and constructed significant molecule <it>TNFRSF11B </it>development network from 12 frontal cortex of HIVE-control patients and 16 HIVE in the same GEO Dataset GDS1726.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our result verified <it>TNFRSF11B </it>developmental process only in the downstream of frontal cortex of HIVE-control patients (<it>BST2, DGKG, GAS1, PDCD4, TGFBR3, VEZF1 </it>inhibition), whereas in the upstream of frontal cortex of HIVE (<it>DGKG, PDCD4 </it>activation) and downstream (<it>CFDP1, DGKG, GAS1, PAX6 </it>activation; <it>BST2, PDCD4, TGFBR3, VEZF1 </it>inhibition). Importantly, we datamined that <it>TNFRSF11B </it>development cluster of HIVE is involved in T-cell mediated immunity, cell projection organization and cell motion (only in HIVE terms) without apoptosis, plasma membrane and kinase activity (only in HIVE-control patients terms), the condition is vital to inflammation, brain morphology and cognition impairment of HIVE. Our result demonstrated that common terms in both HIVE-control patients and HIVE include developmental process, signal transduction, negative regulation of cell proliferation, RNA-binding, zinc-finger, cell development, positive regulation of biological process and cell differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We deduced the stronger <it>TNFRSF11B </it>development network in HIVE consistent with our number computation. It would be necessary of the stronger <it>TNFRSF11B </it>development function to inflammation, brain morphology and cognition of HIVE.</p

Synthesis and characterization of photoaffinity labelling reagents towards the Hsp90 C-terminal domain

Glucosyl-novobiocin-based diazirine photoaffinity labelling reagents (PALs) were designed and synthesized to probe the Hsp90 C-terminal domain unknown binding pocket and the structure-activity relationship. Five PALs were successfully synthesized from novobiocin in six consecutive steps employing phase transfer catalytic glycosylation. Reactions were monitored and guided by analytical LC/MS which led to different strategies of adding either a PAL precursor or a sugar moiety first. The structures and bonding linkages of these compounds were characterised by various 2D-NMR spectroscopy and MS techniques. Synthetic techniques provide powerful probes for unknown protein binding pockets

Lithium Fiber Growth on the Anode in a Nanowire Lithium Ion Battery During Charging

Lithium (Li) dendrite formation has been recognized as one of the major safety concerns for Li metal batteries but not for conventional Li ion batteries (LIBs) where Li metal is not used. With the advanced in situ transmission electron microscopy enabling direct observation of battery operation, we found that Li fibers with length up to 35 µm grew on nanowire tip after charging. The Li fibers growth were highly directional, i.e., nucleating from the nanowire tip, and extending along the nanowire axis, which was attributed to the strong electric field enhancement effect induced by the sharp nanowire tip. This study reveals a potential safety concern of short-circuit failure for LIBs using nanowire anodes

Weak localization and electron-electron interactions in Indium-doped ZnO nanowires

Single crystal ZnO nanowires doped with indium are synthesized via the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. The conductivity of the nanowires is measured at low temperatures in magnetic fields both perpendicular and parallel to the wire axes. A quantitative fit of our data is obtained, consistent with the theory of a quasi-one-dimensional metallic system with quantum corrections due to weak localization and electron-electron interactions. The anisotropy of the magneto-conductivity agrees with theory. The two quantum corrections are of approximately equal magnitude with respective temperature dependences of T^-1/3 and T^-1/2. The alternative model of quasi-two-dimensional surface conductivity is excluded by the absence of oscillations in the magneto-conductivity in parallel magnetic fields.Comment: 13 pages, Corrected forma

SURF: understanding and predicting urban convection and haze

Urbanization modifies atmospheric energy and moisture balances, forming distinct features, e.g., urban heat islands (UHIs) and enhanced or decreased precipitation. These produce significant challenges to science and society, including rapid and intense flooding, heat waves strengthened by UHIs, and air pollutant haze. The Study of Urban-Impacts on Rainfall and Fog/Haze (SURF) has brought together international expertise on observations and modeling, meteorology and atmospheric chemistry, and research and operational forecasting. The SURF overall science objective is a better understanding of urban, terrain, convection, and aerosol interactions for improved forecast accuracy. Specific objectives include: a) promoting cooperative international research to improve understanding of urban summer convective precipitation and winter particulate episodes via extensive field studies; b) improving high-resolution urban weather and air quality forecast-models; and c) enhancing urban weather forecasts for societal applications, e.g., health, energy, hydrologic, climate change, air quality, planning, and emergency-response management. Preliminary SURF observational and modeling results are shown, i.e., turbulent PBL structure, bifurcating thunderstorms, haze events, urban canopy model development, and model forecast evaluatio