Upregulation of Salmonella-Induced IL-6 Production in Caco-2 Cells by PJ-34, PARP-1 Inhibitor: Involvement of PI3K, p38 MAPK, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB

Following Salmonella invasion, intestinal epithelial cells release a distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-6 produced by enterocytes may have anti-inflammatory and cell-protective effects, and may counteract some of the injurious effects of sepsis and endotoxemia. Recent studies in a variety of rodent models of experimental colitis by using PJ-34, a potent poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor, support the concept that the marked beneficial effect of PJ-34 can be exploited to treat human inflammatory diseases. The present study was to investigate the effect of PJ-34 on Salmonella-induced enterocyte IL-6 production and its mechanisms. We found that PJ-34 enhanced Salmonella-induced IL-6 production in Caco-2 cells, either secreted protein or mRNA expression. PJ-34 treatment enhanced the activity of NF-κB in Salmonella-infected Caco-2 cells. Besides, the involvement of PJ-34 in up-regulating IL-6 production in S. typhimurium-infected Caco-2 cells might be also through the ERK but not p38 MAPK, JNK or PI3K/Akt pathways, as demonstrated by Western blot of phosphorylated ERK, p38, JNK and Akt proteins. It suggests that PJ-34 may exert its protective effect on intestinal epithelial cells against invasive Salmonella infection by up-regulating IL-6 production through ERK and NF-κB but not P38 MAPK, JNK or PI3K/Akt signal pathways

THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRIKE PAITERNS ON ENERGY CONTIBUTION DURING RUNNING

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences of joint power and work between forefoot strike (FFS) and rear-foot strike (RFS) during the stance phase of running. Methods: A 10-camera Vicon system and two force plates were used to collect the kinematics and kinetics data of 15 healthy male triathletes with different foot strike strategies during running. Results: The joint power and positive work at hip and ankle were increased in FFS during the stance phase. FFS also showed decreased knee negative work. Conclusion: Running with FFS would consume more energy than running with RFS at the same speed. The lack of ankle pint shock absorption in RFS might cause higher injury risk in knee

KINEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE VOLLEYBALL SPIKE

The purpose of this study was to analyze female volleyball players’ body centre of mass (CM) displacement and velocity when spiking at front and back row. Six high school players participated in this study. Two JVC9800 digital video cameras (120Hz) were used to collect spiking motion. Kwon 3D motion system was used to analyze the kinematic variables. The results indicated that the back-row spike had greater CM resultant velocity at approach and take-off than front-row spike. The back-row spike had greater jumping height and the CM horizontal displacement than front-row spike. The initial ball velocity and angular velocity of shoulder, elbow, and wrist of the front-row spike were greater than back-row spike. This study provides information for coaches in teaching volleyball spike

THE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ROUNDHOUSE KICK IN TAEKWONDO

The purpose of this research was to compare 360° turning roundhouse kick performed by dominant leg and non-dominant leg on kinetic and kinematic variables, and then to find the variables that correlate to the impact velocity. Nine elite taekwondo athletes were recruited. The data were collected with two Redlake cameras (125 Hz) and two Kistler force plates (1250 Hz). The difference between maximal height and beginning of body CM, max velocity of toe/ankle, impact velocity of toe, maximal vertical force of front leg, vertical/horizontal impulse of front leg, were found to be significantly different between dominant and non-dominant leg; and the difference between maximal height and impact of body CM, max velocity of toe/ankle, maximal vertical force of back leg were found to be significantly correlated with the impact velocity

BIOMECHANICS OF STANDING LONG JUMP WITH HADNHELD WEIGHT

INTRODUCTION: Many studies had proved that extra weights was held in the hands of the athletes during the long jump competition(Minetti &Ardigo 2002; Lenoir, Clercq & Laporte, 2005), and some researchers found that extra weights would increase the jump distance, but those studies did not point out the joint moment and power. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical difference between unloaded and loaded groups, and to understand the joint moment and power of standing long jump