368 research outputs found
Erratum to “Study of the Nonlinear Dropping Shock Response of Expanded Foam Packaging System”
Antagonistic actions of boron against inhibitory effects of aluminum toxicity on growth, CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and photosynthetic electron transport probed by the JIP-test, of Citrus grandis seedlings
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Little information is available on the amelioration of boron (B) on aluminum (Al)-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Sour pummelo (<it>Citrus grandis</it>) seedlings were irrigated for 18 weeks with nutrient solution containing 4 B levels (2.5, 10, 25 and 50 μM H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>) × 2 Al levels (0 and 1.2 mM AlCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O). The objectives of this study were to determine how B alleviates Al-induced growth inhibition and to test the hypothesis that Al-induced photosynthesis inhibition can be alleviated by B <it>via </it>preventing Al from getting into shoots.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>B had little effect on plant growth, root, stem and leaf Al, leaf chlorophyll (Chl), CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), Chl a fluorescence (OJIP) transient and related parameters without Al stress except that root, stem and leaf B increased with increasing B supply and that 50 μM B decreased slightly root dry weight. Al-treated roots, stems and leaves displayed a higher or similar B. B did not affect root Al under Al stress, but decreased stem and leaf Al level. Shoot growth is more sensitive to Al stress than root growth, CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation, Chl, Rubisco, OJIP transient and most related parameters. Al-treated leaves showed decreased CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation, but increased or similar intercellular CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration. Both initial and total Rubisco activity in Al-treated leaves decreased to a lesser extent than CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation. Al decreased maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry and total performance index, but increased minimum fluorescence, K-band, relative variable fluorescence at J- and I-steps. B could alleviate Al-induced increase or decrease for all these parameters. Generally speaking, the order of B effectiveness was 25 μM > 10 μM ≥ 50 μM (excess B) > 2.5 μM.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We propose that Al-induced photosynthesis inhibition was mainly caused by impaired photosynthetic electron transport chain, which may be associated with growth inhibition. B-induced amelioration of root inhibition was probably caused by B-induced changes in Al speciation and/or sub-cellular compartmentation. However, B-induced amelioration of shoot and photosynthesis inhibition and photoinhibitory damage occurring at both donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II could be due to less Al accumulation in shoots.</p
Nonlinear Response of Strong Nonlinear System Arisen in Polymer Cushion
A dynamic model is proposed for a polymer foam-based nonlinear cushioning system. An accurate analytical solution for the nonlinear free vibration of the system is derived by applying He's variational iteration method, and conditions for resonance are obtained, which should be avoided in the cushioning design
NaI (Tl) Calorimeter Calibration and Simulation for Coulomb Sum Rule Experiment in Hall-A at Jefferson Lab
A precision measurment of inclusive electron scattering cross sections was
carried out at Jefferson Lab in the quasi-elastic region for He,
C, Fe and Pb targets. Longitudinal () and
transverse () response functions of nucleon were extracted in the
momentum transfer range 0.55 GeV/c1.0 GeV/c. To achieve the
above goal, a NaI (Tl) calorimeter was used to distinguish good electrons from
background including pions and low energy electrons rescattered from walls of
the spectrometer magnets. Due to a large set of kinematics and changes in HV
settings, a number of calibrations were performed for the NaI (Tl) detector.
Corrections for a few blocks of NaI (Tl) with bad or no signal were applied.
The resolution of NaI (Tl) detector after calibration reached at E=1 GeV. The performance of NaI (Tl) detector was
compared with a simulation
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The hygroscopicity of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) with a gradient fiber structure
This article studies the hygroscopicity of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) with a gradient fiber structure assessed by a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) apparatus and fitted with a Haillwood–Horrobin (H–H) model. The effects of the chemical composition, gradient fiber structure, and mesopore structure of the bamboo were also investigated. The results demonstrate that the hygroscopicity of bamboo gradually increases from the outer to the inner layer along the thickness of the culm wall, which is related to the gradient distribution of the fibers. The structure–function relationships between the chemical composition, multi-scale structure, and hygroscopicity identified in this study provide a theoretical basis for bamboo drying and storage technology, as well as the processing and application of bamboo fiber-based composites
The Viscoelasticity Model of Corn Straw under the Different Moisture Contents
Viscoelastic model of corn straw, based on different moisture contents, is set up to characterise the deformation through three-point bending test. The model contains a linear elastic element, a damping element, and a nonlinear elastic element. The parameters of the model are determined according to the features of three-point bending test curve and characteristic of the model. The relationships between mechanical properties, energy absorption behavior of corn stalk, and moisture content have been, respectively, analysed. And regression analysis and curve fitting have been conducted based on various parameters and moisture contents with Matlab. These parameters provide the basis for straw crushing equipment design
CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport probed by the JIP-test, of tea leaves in response to phosphorus supply
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although the effects of P deficiency on tea (<it>Camellia sinensis </it>(L.) O. Kuntze) growth, P uptake and utilization as well as leaf gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence have been investigated, very little is known about the effects of P deficiency on photosynthetic electron transport, photosynthetic enzymes and carbohydrates of tea leaves. In this study, own-rooted 10-month-old tea trees were supplied three times weekly for 17 weeks with 500 mL of nutrient solution at a P concentration of 0, 40, 80, 160, 400 or 1000 μM. This objective of this study was to determine how P deficiency affects CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation, Rubisco, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport in tea leaves to understand the mechanism by which P deficiency leads to a decrease in CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both root and shoot dry weight increased as P supply increased from 0 to 160 μM, then remained unchanged. P-deficient leaves from 0 to 80 μM P-treated trees showed decreased CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation and stomatal conductance, but increased intercellular CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration. Both initial and total Rubisco activity, contents of Chl and total soluble protein in P-deficient leaves decreased to a lesser extent than CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation. Contents of sucrose and starch were decreased in P-deficient leaves, whereas contents of glucose and fructose did not change significantly except for a significant increase in the lowest P leaves. OJIP transients from P-deficient leaves displayed a rise at the O-step and a depression at the P-step, accompanied by two new steps at about 150 μs (L-step) and at about 300 μs (K-step). RC/CS<sub>o</sub>, TR<sub>o</sub>/ABS (or F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>), ET<sub>o</sub>/ABS, RE<sub>o</sub>/ABS, maximum amplitude of IP phase, PI<sub>abs </sub>and PI<sub>tot, abs </sub>were decreased in P-deficient leaves, while V<sub>J</sub>, V<sub>I </sub>and dissipated energy were increased.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>P deficiency decreased photosynthetic electron transport capacity by impairing the whole electron transport chain from the PSII donor side up to the PSI, thus decreasing ATP content which limits RuBP regeneration, and hence, the rate of CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation. Energy dissipation is enhanced to protect P-deficient leaves from photo-oxidative damage in high light.</p
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Effects of gradient distribution and aggregate structure of fibers on the flexibility and flexural toughness of natural moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)
Article is a study proposing an original method to quantitatively evaluate the gradient distribution and aggregate structure of fibers on the flexibility and flexural toughness of natural moso (Phyllostachys edulis) bamboo, with a comparison to two other natural woods
Effects of manganese-excess on CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport of leaves, and antioxidant systems of leaves and roots in Citrus grandis seedlings
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Very little is known about the effects of manganese (Mn)-excess on citrus photosynthesis and antioxidant systems. Seedlings of sour pummelo (<it>Citrus grandis</it>) were irrigated for 17 weeks with nutrient solution containing 2 μM (control) or 500 μM (excess) MnSO<sub>4</sub>. The objective of this study were to understand the mechanisms by which Mn-excess leads to a decrease in CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation and to test the hypothesis that Mn-induced changes in antioxidant systems differ between roots and leaves.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mn-excess decreased CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation and stomatal conductance, increased intercellular CO<sub>2 </sub>concentration, but did not affect chlorophyll (Chl) level. Both initial and total ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity in Mn-excess leaves decreased to a lesser extent than CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation. Contents of glucose, fructose, starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates did not differ between Mn-excess leaves and controls, while sucrose content was higher in the former. Chl a fluorescence (OJIP) transients from Mn-excess leaves showed increased O-step and decreased P-step, accompanied by positive L- and K-bands. Mn-excess decreased maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>) and total performance index (PI<sub>tot,abs</sub>), but increased relative variable fluorescence at I-steps (V<sub>I</sub>) and energy dissipation. On a protein basis, Mn-excess leaves displayed higher activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and contents of antioxidants, similar ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and lower dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities; while Mn-excess roots had similar or lower activities of antioxidant enzymes and contents of antioxidants. Mn-excess did not affect malondialdehyde (MDA) content of roots and leaves.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Mn-excess impaired the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain from the donor side of photosystem II (PSII) up to the reduction of end acceptors of photosystem I (PSI), thus limiting the production of reducing equivalents, and hence the rate of CO<sub>2 </sub>assimilation. Both the energy dissipation and the antioxidant systems were enhanced in Mn-excess leaves, while the antioxidant systems in Mn-excess roots were not up-regulated, but still remained high activity. The antioxidant systems in Mn-excess roots and leaves provided sufficient protection to them against oxidative damage.</p
Molecules in the peculiar age-defying source IRAS 19312+1950
Context. IRAS 19312+1950 is an isolated infrared source that exhibits a
characteristic quasi-point-symmetric morphology in the near- and mid-infrared
images and is also very bright in molecular radio lines. Because of its unique
observational characteristics, various observational studies have been
conducted and several hypotheses have been proposed regarding its origin, which
is still unclear. So far, it has been suggested that it could be a peculiar
evolved star, a young stellar object, or even a red nova remnant. Regardless of
which type of object it is ultimately classified as, IRAS 19312+1950 is
exceptionally bright in the infrared and molecular radio lines and therefore
will undoubtedly be crucial as a prototype of this kind of object having a
peculiar nature or unusual evolutionary phase.
Aims. This study aims to reveal the molecular composition of the central part
of IRAS 19312+1950 by performing an unbiased molecular radio line survey and
discussing the origin of the object from a molecular chemical point of view.
Methods. We carried out a spectral line survey with the IRAM 30 m telescope
towards the center of IRAS 19312+1950 in the 3 and 1.3 mm windows.
Results. In total, 28 transition lines of 22 molecular species and those
isotopologues are detected towards IRAS 19312+1950, some of which exhibit a
broad and a narrow components. Seventeen thermal lines and 1 maser line are
newly detected. The molecular species of CO, SiO, HNC,
HCO, HCO, and -CH are detected for the first
time in this object.
Conclusions. Our results, in combination with previous studies, favor the
hypothesis that IRAS 19312+1950 might be a red nova remnant, in which the
progenitors that merged to become a red nova may have contained at least two
evolved stars with oxygen-rich and carbon-rich chemistry, respectively.Comment: 30 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in A&
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