Establishment of Wind Gust Estimation Equation in Bohai Sea

Wind gusts over the ocean can have a great influence on maritime transport and production operations. However, owing to the scarcity of marine observation data and the complex causes of wind gusts, the estimation and forecasting of gusts at sea are even more difficult. In this study, a gust estimation equation applicable to the Bohai Sea is established based on observation and reanalysis data, with representative observation stations on the coast and offshore in the Bohai Sea. During the process, partial correlation analysis and a significance test of correlation coefficient differences were used to further clarify the influence of average wind speed and vertical wind shear at different heights on wind gusts. The final gust estimation equation includes a mean wind speed term, a turbulence term, and a convection term, which are statistically significant contributors; in addition, there are clear physical meanings. Comparing two gust factor methods in this study, the average errors and fitting errors of the least squares gust estimation equation are the smallest. For wind gusts between 10 and 26 m/s, the fitting error in the gust estimation equation is 7.68–12.25% and 21.10–30.08% lower than those of the two gust factor methods in this study. The gust estimation equation better reflects the difference of wind gusts typical under different average wind speeds and vertical wind shear conditions, so a better prediction for wind gusts can be achieved

Highly efficient triazine/carbazole-based host material for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with low efficiency roll-off

Two novel triazin/carbazole-based host materials were designed and synthesized, which demonstrated outstanding EL performance with maximum CE, PE and EQE of 69.3 cd A−1, 54.2 lm W−1 and 21.9%, respectively.</p

A CsI hodoscope on CSHINE for Bremsstrahlung {\gamma}-rays in Heavy Ion Reactions

Bremsstrahlung $\gamma$ production in heavy ion reactions at Fermi energies carries important physical information including the nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities. In order to detect the high energy Bremsstrahlung $\gamma$ rays, a hodoscope consisting of 15 CsI(Tl) crystal read out by photo multiplier tubes has been built, tested and operated in experiment. The resolution, efficiency and linear response of the units to $\gamma$ rays have been studied using radioactive source and $({\rm p},\gamma)$ reactions. The inherent energy resolution of $1.6\%+2\%/E_{\gamma}^{1/2}$ is obtained. Reconstruction method has been established through Geant 4 simulations, reproducing the experimental results where comparison can be made. Using the reconstruction method developed, the whole efficiency of the hodoscope is about $2.6\times 10^{-4}$ against the $4\pi$ emissions at the target position, exhibiting insignificant dependence on the energy of incident $\gamma$ rays above 20 MeV. The hodoscope is operated in the experiment of $^{86}$Kr + $^{124}$Sn at 25 MeV/u, and a full $\gamma$ energy spectrum up to 80 MeV has been obtained.Comment: 9 pages, 19 figure

Whole exome sequencing identifies frequent somatic mutations in cell-cell adhesion genes in chinese patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) accounts for about 30% of all lung cancer cases. Understanding of mutational landscape for this subtype of lung cancer in Chinese patients is currently limited. We performed whole exome sequencing in samples from 100 patients with lung SQCCs to search for somatic mutations and the subsequent target capture sequencing in another 98 samples for validation. We identified 20 significantly mutated genes, including TP53, CDH10, NFE2L2 and PTEN. Pathways with frequently mutated genes included those of cell-cell adhesion/Wnt/Hippo in 76%, oxidative stress response in 21%, and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase in 36% of the tested tumor samples. Mutations of Chromatin regulatory factor genes were identified at a lower frequency. In functional assays, we observed that knockdown of CDH10 promoted cell proliferation, soft-agar colony formation, cell migration and cell invasion, and overexpression of CDH10 inhibited cell proliferation. This mutational landscape of lung SQCC in Chinese patients improves our current understanding of lung carcinogenesis, early diagnosis and personalized therapy

Photoinduced reaction in the ion-molecule complex Mg+-C6H5OCF3

The metal cation-molecule complex of Mg+ cation with C6H5OCF3 molecule was produced in a laser-ablation supersonic expansion nozzle source. The intra-complex reaction in Mg+-C6H5OCF3 by photons in the spectral region of 230-440 nm has been studied. The formation of Mg+ was found to be the predominant dissociation path way, and at the same time, the other products MgF+, C6H5+ and C6H5OCF3+ were also observed. We monitored all of the photodissociation products as a function of the excitation wavelength in the 230-440 nm spectral region. The action spectra of the all products except the dissociative charge-transfer product C6H5OCF3+ are very similar. They consist of two pronounced bands, one of which is on the red side and the other is on the blue side of the Mg+ 3(2)p <- 3(2)S atomic transition. The two peaks of these products are all located at about 243 nm and 332 run, respectively. The calculated results at the B3LYP/6-31+G{*}{*} level show that there are three isomers: one is with Mg+ attached to the 0 atom, while it also partially interacts with one of F atoms (4), the next is with Mg+ simultaneously to the two F atoms (4\% and the last is with Mg+ sitting above the aromatic ring (4''). The isomer 4 is more stable than 4' and 4'' by similar to 3-5 kcal/mol. Although the three isomers are comparable in energy, on the basis of the formation channels of the products and their action spectra, the photoreaction products in our experiment are deduced to originate from 4. The branching fraction ratios for the all product except C6H5OCF3+ were nearly constant. A photoreaction mechanism is proposed that the conical intersection opens an efficient pathway for the nonadiabatic transition from the excited state to the ground state, producing an intermediate, which yields the photoproducts with a constant branching ratio. The charge-transfer product ion C6H5OCF3+ is ascribed to a predissociative charge transfer process. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Comparative studies of the photoinduced reactions in the Mg+-SCNC₂H₅ and Mg⁺-NCSC₂H₅ complexes

The photoinduced reactions of the complexes Mg+-SCNC2H5 and Mg+-NCSC2H5 are studied comparatively in the spectral range of 230-440 nm. One-photon excitation of the complexes through the Mg+ chromophore (3 P-2<--3 S-2) gives rise to the evaporative fragment as well as the molecular activation and charge transfer products. The action spectra of the complexes consist of three broad peaks for Mg+-SCNC2H5 and two for Mg+-NCSC2H5, which accord with the structures obtained from quantum mechanics calculations. These calculations reveal two association isomers for Mg+-SCNC2H5: one is with Mg+ being linked to the S atom and the other to the N atom. The former is more stable than the latter by only 0.23 eV. Both of the isomers have been shown to exist in the complex source employed in our experiments. On the other hand, only one stable structure is found for the complex Mg+-NCSC2H5 characterized by the Mg+-N linkage. In general, the photofragments are dominated by Mg+ at lambda>400 nm, which decreases with decreasing wavelength accompanied by the increase in other photoproducts. In addition, the branching ratios of Mg+ to other photoproducts are nearly constant in the short wavelength region but decrease with decreasing wavelength. The observed photoreactions have been reasonably explained. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics

Transformation and Migrant Mechanism of Sulfur and Nitrogen during Chemical Looping Combustion with CuFe2O4

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a key technology for capturing CO2. Different types of oxygen carrier (OC) particles are used in coal CLC. The migration and transformation behaviors of sulfur and nitrogen are basically the same when CaFe2O4 and Fe2O3/Al2O3 are used as OC. CLC can be divided into two reaction stages: coal pyrolysis and char gasification; SO2 and NO show bimodal release characteristics, both of which show a basic trend of rising first and then falling down. The contents of H2S and NO2 increased rapidly at the beginning of the reaction and then decreased slowly at the stage of char gasification. H2S is released rapidly during coal pyrolysis and discharged from the reactor with flue gas, and then part of H2S is converted to SO2 during the char gasification stage by OC particles. NO can be oxidized by OC particles and form NO2. The increase in the reaction temperature and oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) contributes to the release of sulfur and nitrogen and higher reaction temperature and O/C can inhibit the formation of metal sulfide. O2 released by CuFe2O4 significantly increases the contents of SO2, H2S, NO and NO2 in flue gas. This work is helpful for improving control strategies for pollutants

Photoinduced reaction in the ion-molecule complex Mg+-nitromethane

The intra-complex reaction in Mg+-nitromethane by photons in the spectral region of 240-400 nm has been studied. The product Mg+, Mg+O, Mg+OH, and Mg+NO2 were observed. The products Mg+ and Mg+OH appeared throughout the whole wavelength range, but the product Mg+O emerged only in the shorter wavelength region, whereas the product Mg+NO2 in the longer one. The calculated results show that there are the two isomers. The absorption spectrum of the two isomers were calculated, and the isomer, which is with Mg+ attached to single O atom, was in good agreement with the experimental data. On the basis of the branching fraction data, the orientation of the electronic orbital, and reaction energies, the photoreaction mechanisms were explained for the Mg+ insertion the chemical bonds and the state-specificity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Predicting Change in Adaptation Strategies of Households to Geological Hazards in the Longmenshan Area, China Using Machine Learning and GIS

Hydrological changes combined with earthquakes easily trigger secondary disasters, including geological hazards. The secondary hazard of precipitation is the main disaster type in the Longmenshan Area (China). The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused more than 60,000 landslides, severely affecting rural households. This study aimed to answer two questions: (1) How did households adapt to the landslide-prone post-earthquake environment? (2) How will the households&rsquo; adaptation strategies change if landslide frequency changes? Different post-disaster adaptation strategies of households in Longmenshan Town, Sichuan, China were identified through a questionnaire survey and then clustered into groups based on similarity using a K-means algorithm. Afterward, a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) was used to predict change in adaptation strategies if there was a change in the frequency of landslides. The results show that there are three types of landslide adaptation strategies in the study area: (1) autonomous adaptation; (2) policy-dependent adaptation; and (3) hybrid adaptation, which is a mixture of the first two types. If the frequency of landslides is increased, then around 5% of households previously under the autonomous adaptation type would be converted to policy-dependent and hybrid adaptation types. If the frequency of landslides is reduced, then around 5% of households with policy-dependent adaptation strategies would be converted to the autonomous adaptation type. This exploratory study provides a glimpse of how machine learning can be utilized to predict how adaptation strategies would be modified if hazard frequency changed. A follow-up long-term study in Longmenshan Town is needed to confirm whether the predictions are indeed correct