Primjena apsorpcije dvostrukih X-zraka metodom za male životinje u mjerenju mineralne gustoće nadlaktične kosti dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus) iz Jadranskog mora

The measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) in dolphins was described in earlier investigations, but only by application of osteodensitometric methods used for man. The aim of this study was to test the possibilities of applying the method for small animals in the measurement of the bone mineral density in dolphins. The humeri of the right flippers of 24 bottlenose dolphins (11 males and 13 females) were analyzed using the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method for measurement and analysis of the bone mineral density in small animals. The tested method can be successfully applied for measuring bone mineral density in dolphins, but the range of measured values was lower than values that resulted from using the method for man. Statistical analysis indicated positive linear correlations between bone mineral density of dolphin humerus and the total body length and age of the dolphins.Mjerenje mineralne gustoće kostiju dupina opisano je u ranijim istraživanjima, ali samo primjenom osteodenzitometrijske metode za čovjeka. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi mogućnosti za primjenu metode za male životinje u mjerenju mineralne gustoće kosti u dupina. Nadlaktične kosti desnih prsnih peraja od 24 dobra dupina (11 mužjaka i 13 ženki) istražene su DEXA (apsorpciometrija dvostrukih X-zraka) metodom za mjerenje mineralne gustoće kosti malih životinja. Istražena metoda može se uspješno primijeniti na dupinima, ali je raspon izmjerenih vrijednosti niži nego što je utvrđen primjenom metode za čovjeka na kostima dupina. Statistička je analiza pokazala pozitivnu linearnu korelaciju između mineralne gustoće nadlaktične kosti dupina i ukupne dužine tijela i dobi dupina

Anatomske i histološke osobitosti hipofize dobroga dupina (Tursiops truncatus) iz Jadranskog mora.

The structure of the pituitary gland was studied in 3 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Adriatic Sea. This species is legally protected in Croatia. All examined animals died of natural causes and were found stranded along the eastern Adriatic coast. The pituitary gland is a rectangular body suspended at the base of the brain and situated in a depression of the sphenoid bone, clearly identififi ed as sella turcica. The gland was divided into the adenohypophysis and the neurohipophisis, interconnected by thick layer of connective tissue. Pars distalis and pars tuberalis were observed in the adenohypophysis while the pars intermedia was lacking. The pars distalis was built of three main cell types: acidophils, basophils and chromophobes. Most of the acidophils were situated in the centre of the gland while chromophobes occurred dorsal and basophils ventral. Pars tuberalis was composed of cords of polygonal and vacuolated cells, which were in close association with numerous blood vessels. Large numbers of colloid-containing follicles were observed throughout the pars tuberalis. The neurohypophysis of the bottlenose dolphin consisted of unmyelinated nerve fibres among which numerous pituicytes were scattered.Istraživana je građa hipofize u tri dobra dupina (Tursiops truncatus) iz Jadranskog mora. Dobri dupin u Republici Hrvatskoj najstrože je zaštićena životinjska vrsta. Sve istražene životinje uginule su u prirodi i nađene su nasukane duž istočne jadranske obale. Hipofiza u dobroga dupina pravokutnoga je oblika, smještena na osnovici mozga i uložena u udubinu klinaste kosti, prepoznate kao sella turcica. Žlijezda je podijeljena na adenohipofizu i neurohipofizu koje su međusobno povezane debelim slojem vezivnog tkiva. Adenohipofiza dobroga dupina sastoji se od pars distalis i pars tuberalis, dok pars intermedia nedostaje. Pars distalis građen je od tri tipa stanica: acidofilnih, bazofilnih i kromofobnih. Acidofilne stanice u najvećem su broju smještene u središtu žlijezde, dok se kromofobne stanice nalaze dorzalno, a bazofilne ventralno. Pars tuberalis građen je od nizova poligonalnih i ponešto vakuoliziranih stanica koje su blisko vezane uz mnoge krvne žile. Uočen je i velik broj folikula ispunjenih koloidom. Neurohipofiza dobroga dupina građena je od nemijeliziranih živčanih vlakana između kojih se nalaze brojni pituiciti

STUDY OF EFFECTS ON BONE STRUCTURE OF DICALCIUM AND TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATES AS FOOD ADDITIVES FOR PIGS

lstraživano je djelovanje na građu kostiju dikalcij fosfata (određenog proizvođača) i trikalcij fosfata („Komnophos“, Fosfaty, Voskresensk, Ukrajina) kao dodataka hrani u odojaka. Skupine odojaka su tijekom 54 dana, odnosno od prosječne težine 6 kg do 27 kg primale u hrani 1% dikalcij fosfata, (ll. skupina), odnosno 0,5% (lll. skupina), 1% (lV. skupina) i 2% (V. skupina) trikalcij fosfata. Kontrolna skupina (1. skupina) nije primala navedene dodatke, nego je u hrani primala samo 0,37% fosfora biljnog porijekla. Svaka skupina se sastojala od dvije muške i dvije ženske životinje. Utvrđeno je da je s povećanjem koncentracije navedenih dodataka hrani paralelno dolazilo do povećanja čvrstoće i mase kostiju, povećanja količine kalcija i fosfora u kostima, te da je kod istih koncentracija dodavanja dikalcij i trikalcij fosfata, trikalcij fosfat bio neznatno biološki vredniji. Završne težine odojaka (žive vage i klaoničke težine) su također rasle s povećanjem koncentracije istraživanih dodataka, tako da su najveće bile u V. skupine, a najmanje u l. skupine. Ni u jedne istražene skupine nisu utvrđene nikakve patološke promjene na istraženim kostima. Zaključeno je da se istraženi trikalcij fosfat, s gospodarskog gledišta, može koristiti kao izvor kalcija i fosfora u hranidbi svinja, te da ima čak nešto veću biološku vrijednost od dikalcij fosfata. Preporučeno je da se prije njegove široke primjene kao dodatka stočnoj hrani, istraži i njegovo eventualno sporedno djelovanje, djelovanje na reprodukciju, te teratogeno, mutageno i kancerogeno djelovanje.In the present experiment the effects on bone structure of dicalcium phosphate (known producer) and tricalcium phosphate („Kormophos“, Fosfaty, Voskresensk, Ukraine) as a feed additives for piglets was studied. During 54 days, that is during the growth of the average body weight 6 - 27 kg, the piglets were administered by above feed additives. Every groups were consisted of two male and two female experimental piglets. Control group (group l.) did not administrating any feed additive, and received a diet containing only 0.37% phosphorus of vegetable origin. Group ll. received a diet containing 1% tricalcium phosphate. The experimental groups, lll., lV. and V. were fed the diets containing 0,5%, 1% and 2% of tricalcium phosphate. Results showed a parallel increase in mass and vigor of investigated bones, particular of the femur, increase of contents of calcium and phosphorus in bones and the increase administration of above feed additives. Biological value of tricalcium phosphate was a little higher in relation to dicalcium phosphate. The final weights (live weight and slaughter weight) of experimental piglets were increased parallel with increased administration of feed additives, too. The final weight of the piglets of group. V. was the biggest, and the piglets of group l. was the lightest. None of investigated bones show any pathological changes. One can conclude, the investigated tricalcium phosphate can be use as a source of calcium and phosphorus in swine feed, from economical point of view. It is recommended, before its widely use as a feed additive, to study its eventually side effect on reproduction and teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects

Masna jetra i potkožni edem slobodno živućeg dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) iz Jadranskog mora; svjetlosno i elektronsko mikroskopsko istraživanje.

Research was carried out on a 21-year-old, 288 cm-long free-living grand multigravida female bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) with mass of 214 kg. The animal died on 8 October 1997 in the Adriatic Sea, near Šibenik, Croatia. Prior to death she showed some neurological symptoms. For control and comparison we used the carcasses and tissues of two presumably clinically healthy dolphins. Autopsy showed massive edema in the subcutaneous tissues (between blubber and musculature) on the dorsal side of the body of the diseased subject. The fluid in intercellular tissue spaces was clear and light-yellowish. Larger amounts of the same fluid were found in serous sacs of the animal, as well as slight brain edema. The most prominent structural change was found in the liver, which wasnormal in size but extremely yellow and fragile. Its structure was totally destroyed, without any traces of blood, and there was pronounced fatty degeneration of liver parenchyma. All hepatocytes were also destroyed and swollen mitochondria and dilated endoplasmic reticulum were evident. This massive hepatic degeneration and necrosis was probably due to some unknown acute biological or chemical agent that provoked hepatargic crisis and the ultimate death of this free-living female dolphin.Istražena je jedna ženka dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) koja je rađala više puta, a živjela je slobodno u Jadranskom moru te je uginula 8. listopada 1997. u blizini Šibenika. U času smrti bila je stara 21 godinu, mase 214 kg i dužine 288 cm. Neposredno prije smrti životinja je pokazivala neke poremetnje funkcije sredšnjeg živčanog sustava. Za kontrolu i usporedbu korištena su trupla i tkiva dva dobra dupina za koje se može pretpostaviti da su bili zdravi. Razudbom trupla uginule ženke dupina nađen je na dorzalnoj strani tijela životinje prostrani potkožni edem između potkožnog masnog omotača i mišićja. Edem je činila bistra svijetložučkasta međustanična tekućina. Nešto povećana količina iste takve tekućine je nađena i u seroznim šupljinama tijela ove oboljele i uginule ženke dupina, kao i lagani edem mozga. Najizrazitija promjena nađena je u građi jetre bolesne ženke dupina, koja je bila izrazito žute boje i prhka na dodir, ali normalne veličine. Struktura jetre bila je potpuno razorena, bez i najmanjih tragova krvi u jetri, te s jako izraženom masnom degeneracijom jetrenog parenhima. Svi hepatociti su bili razoreni s ostatcima nabubrenih mitohondrija i proširenog endoplazmatskog retikuluma. Ova sveobuhvatna degeneracija jetre bila je vjerojatno posljedica akutnog djelovanja nekog neutvrđenog biološkog ili kemijskog agensa, a izazvala je hepatargičnu krizu i smrt ove ženke dupina koja je živjela slobodno u Jadranskom moru

Novi pogledi na anatomiju grkljana dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus).

The mammalian larynx is an organ which serves as a barrier to prevent food from entering the respiratory system, and in most mammals it is used to produce sound. Although the general morphology of the cetacean larynx has been known for a long time, its detailed anatomy has been poorly studied, which has resulted in many inconsistencies in the available literature, particularly regarding the nature of the dorsal paired cartilages of the arytenoepiglottic tube, and the mucosal folds found in laryngeal cavity. The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive description of the structures associated with the larynx of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu, 1821), using the well-known laryngeal morphology of humans and various domestic mammals as guidelines. The structure of the larynx was studied in 7 bottlenose dolphins of both sexes, using the classical dissection method on fresh specimens and some conserved with 4 % water diluted formaldehyde. Although careful dissection showed distinct morphological differences between the laryngeal cartilages of the bottlenose dolphin and terrestrial mammals, most of the muscles attached to them were consistent with that of terrestrial mammals. We present structures characteristic to the larynx of the bottlenose dolphin, such as two ligaments which are not present in domestic mammals and humans. Furthermore, based on the comparison with human and animal laryngeal anatomy, we conclude that the dorsal paired cartilages of the arytenoepiglottic tube in the bottlenose dolphin most likely correspond to the cuneiform process of terrestrial mammals, and that the median and lateral folds found in the laryngeal cavity should not be identified as vocal and ventricular folds.Grkljan sisavaca je organ koji predstavlja zaštitu od ulaska hrane u dišni sustav, a većini sisavaca služi i za proizvodnju zvuka. Iako je općenita anatomija grkljana kitova odavno poznata, detalji su slabo proučavani što je za posljedicu imalo razne nedosljednosti u dostupnoj literaturi, pogotovo na temu prirode dorzalnih parnih hrskavica aritenoepiglotične cijevi i nabora sluznice u grkljanskoj šupljini. Cilj ovog rada je iznijeti potanki opis struktura grkljana dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu, 1821), pri čemu se kao smjernice rabe dobro upoznata anatomija grkljana domaćih sisavaca i čovjeka. Građa grkljana se proučavala na 7 dobrih dupina oba spola služeći se klasičnim metodama sekcije na svježim uzorcima i arhivskim uzorcima uščuvanim u 4 % -tnom formaldehidu razrijeđenim u vodi. Iako je pažljiva sekcija pokazala očigledne morfološke razlike u hrskavicama između dobrog dupina i kopnenih sisavaca, većina mišića koji se prihvaćaju za njih su odgovarajući kopnenim sisavcima. Iznosimo strukture koje su karakteristične za grkljan dobrog dupina kao što su: dva ligamenta koji nisu prisutni u čovjeka i domaćih sisavaca. Također, na temelju usporedbe s ljudskim i životinjskim grkljanima, zaključujemo da dorzalne, parne hrskavice aritenoepiglotične cijevi najvjerojatnije odgovaraju kuneiformnom izdanku domaćih sisavaca, a da se medijani i lateralni nabori sluznice grkljanske šupljine ne bi trebali poistovjećivati s glasnicama

Histološke i kemijske osobitosti mehanički iskoštenog mesa tovnih pilića.

In evaluation of the suitability of mechanically deboned poultry (MDP) for use in food products, the functional properties of this meat must be taken into consideration. The basic principle of meat separation varies among machines which in turn could affect the functional properties of the MDP produced. The MDP used in this study was produced from broiler carcass, back, wings and necks after commercial cutting. Separation was mechanically performed on a “Beehive” separator, which separates muscular, adipose tissue and skin from cartilage, bone and lymphatic tissues (“offal products”). Histological examination was performed on histological slides, stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Also, analysis of the content of water, lipid, protein, ash and calcium was carried out. Average water content was highest in deboned carcass meat samples (69.14%). Total lipids (20.85%) were highest in deboned back and total proteins (15.57%) in the deboned carcass. In deboned wings the content of total ash was very high (1.65%) as well as the content of calcium (0.29%). In “offal products” the highest average water content was in the whole carcass (59.02%). Total lipids (11.56%) were highest in wings, total proteins (23.88%), total ash (20.19%) and calcium content (7.41%) were highest in the back. Results of chemical analyses confirmed the results of histological examination. This parallel histological and chemical analytic approach could give relevant insights into raw material content, which directly influences the quality of final products.U procjeni mehanički iskoštene peradi (MDP), a u vezi s namjenom kao sirovine za prehrambene proizvode, moraju se promatrati njihove funkcionalne vrijednosti. Osnovno načelo separacije mesa ovisi o svrhovitosti strojeva za separaciju koji mehanički iskošteno meso pripremaju za proizvode u smislu djelotvornih vrijednosti. Mehanički iskošteno meso peradi u ovom radu bilo je proizvedeno od pilećih trupova, krila i vratova nakon komercijalnoga rasjeka. Separacija je provedena na stroju „Beehive“ koji je iskoštio mišićno i masno tkivo te kožu, odvojeno od hrskavice, kosti i limfatičkoga tkiva (nusproizvodi). Histološka su pretraživanja obavljana na mikroskopskim preparatima obojenim hemalaun-eozinom. Kemijskom analizom određen je sadržaj vode, masti, bjelančevina, pepela i kalcija. Srednja vrijednost sadržaja vode bila je najviša u uzorcima iskoštenoga trupa (69,14%). Ukupne masti (20,85%) bile su najviše u iskoštenom mesu leđa, ukupne bjelančevine (15,57%) u iskoštenom mesu trupa. Sadržaj pepela bio je najviši u iskoštenom mesu krila (1,65%), kao i sadržaj kalcija (0,29%). U “nusproizvodu” najviša vrijednost udjela vode bila je u trupu (59,02%). Ukupne masti (11,56%) bile su najviše u “nusproizvodu” krila, a ukupne bjelančevine (23,88%), pepeo (20,19%) i kalcij (7,41%) bili su najviši u leđima. Rezultati kemijskih pretraga u korelaciji su s rezultatima histoloških ispitivanja. Takve uzajamne histološke i kemijske pretrage daju relevantne rezultate u smislu funkcionalnih komponenata sirovine koje izravno utječu na kakvoću završnoga proizvoda