Soil Fertility in Response to Long-Term Fertilization under the Tobacco Monoculture System on Rendzic Leptosol in Bulgaria

The effect of long-term mineral and organic-mineral fertilization on selected soil properties (pH, total humus and N, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese content) was studied in a stationary trail with tobacco monocropping system. The trial was established on Rendzic Leptosols in 1966. Five treatments were selected for this study, including control without fertilization (Check), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), nitrogen + potassium (NK), nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (NPK) and nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium + manure (NPK + manure). Soil samples at a depth of 0–25 cm were collected from all studied plots every year (2014, 2015 and 2016). The results indicated that maintaining humus content at the initial level is not possible through yearly mineral fertilizer application. Long-term mineral phosphorus fertilization increased 5.5–5.7 times available P2O5 in the soil compared to the initial level. The soil available K2O content in NK and NPK treatments increased, respectively, by 41.1% and 44.9% over the initial level. A remarkable increase in available phosphorus (25.5 times) and potassium (2.5 times) content in the soil compared with the initial level was found due to longterm NPK + manure fertilization. The NPK + manure treatment was found to be the most efficient management system in accumulating of total humus and N, available P2O5, K2O, Fe and Mn in a long-term fertilized Rendzic Leposol, under a tobacco monocropping system

ДОКУМЕНТАЛНИТЕ СВИДЕТЕЛСТВА В СМОЛЯНСКИЯ АРХИВ – СКРИЖАЛИ НА ПАМЕТТА ЗА РОДОПИТЕ

The paper presents the most valuable archival resources storedin the Smolyan State Archives. They are an important corpus of historical sources that can be successfullyimplemented in research in various areas – history, linguistics, literature, etc. The authoroverviews the main types of documents in the Smolyan State Archives, focusing on the personalarchives of prominent linguists. Special attention is drawn to the personal archival fund of PeterPamporov whose work had been closely connected to Poland.Keywords:Artykuł przedstawia najcenniejsze zasoby archiwalne w Smolanskim Archiwum Państwowe. Stanowią one cenne świadectwa historyczne, które mogą służyć w badaniach z różnych dziedzin – historii, językoznawstwa, literatury itd. Autor skupia się na archiwa prywatne wybitnych językoznawców z regionu miasta Smolan. Szczególną uwagą zostaje opisany fundusz archiwalny Petara Pamporova, którego działalność była ściśle związana z Polską

The trophic plasticity of genus phelipanche pomel (orobanchaceae) in bulgaria

New data about the natural parasitism of Phelipanche ramosa (L) Pomel, P. mutelii (Shultz) Pomel, P. oxyloba, P. arenaria and P. purpurea in Bulgaria are collected. The information for the hosts describes 46 new trophic systems with species from the families: Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Araliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Verbenaceae. The samples are collected outside the crop fields, far from the known host crops, from different parts of the country. Some of the registered hosts are new for Bulgaria. The voucher specimens with physical connection to the hosts are deposited in the Herbarium of The Agricultural University - Plovdiv (SOA). The collected data suggest that genus Phelipanche is represented by two trophic groups according to the known sections. Sect. Phelipanche unites the polyphags P. ramosa, P. oxyloba and P. mutelii. Sect. Arenariae consist oligophags - P. arenaria and P. purpurea

Palliative care in Bulgarian general practice

Background. GPs in Bulgaria provide basic care to people with advanced disease; there is no legislative framework for palliative care. The aim of the study was to investigate the activities of the GPs involving patients who need palliative care. Material and methods. The 42 GPs followed up a total of 211 patients, meeting the diagnostic criteria for inclusion. A form was developed for the purposes of the study, reflecting the activities during the 625 consultation. The subjective opinion of the patient was also registered. The statistical processing of data was made by a SPSS 17. Results. The patients above 60 years of age predominated. The ratio by gender was balanced. The distribution by diagnostic criteria was: oncological disease (87/41.28 ± 3.38%); chronic heart failure (CHF) (65/30.80 ± 3.17%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (20/9.47 ± 2.01%) and combinations (39/18,48 ± 2,67%). No significance was found between the referrals and the social and diagnostic characteristics. Weak correlations were found between the lower level of education, the lower social status, COPD patients and the greater frequency of home visits. Principal symptoms in our study were pain and fatigue. Discrepancy between the evaluations of patients and GPs was found regarding the ones that are subjective. In cases of oncological diseases the diagnosis and prognosis, were discussed more frequently with the relatives. Conclusion. Within the framework of their general obligations, GPs perform activities characteristic of palliative care. The investigation of these activities and the analysis of the results can serve as a first step in the formation of structured palliative care in our country. Adv. Pall. Med. 2011; 10, 1: 17–22Background. GPs in Bulgaria provide basic care to people with advanced disease; there is no legislative framework for palliative care. The aim of the study was to investigate the activities of the GPs involving patients who need palliative care. Material and methods. The 42 GPs followed up a total of 211 patients, meeting the diagnostic criteria for inclusion. A form was developed for the purposes of the study, reflecting the activities during the 625 consultation. The subjective opinion of the patient was also registered. The statistical processing of data was made by a SPSS 17. Results. The patients above 60 years of age predominated. The ratio by gender was balanced. The distribution by diagnostic criteria was: oncological disease (87/41.28 ± 3.38%); chronic heart failure (CHF) (65/30.80 ± 3.17%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (20/9.47 ± 2.01%) and combinations (39/18,48 ± 2,67%). No significance was found between the referrals and the social and diagnostic characteristics. Weak correlations were found between the lower level of education, the lower social status, COPD patients and the greater frequency of home visits. Principal symptoms in our study were pain and fatigue. Discrepancy between the evaluations of patients and GPs was found regarding the ones that are subjective. In cases of oncological diseases the diagnosis and prognosis, were discussed more frequently with the relatives. Conclusion. Within the framework of their general obligations, GPs perform activities characteristic of palliative care. The investigation of these activities and the analysis of the results can serve as a first step in the formation of structured palliative care in our country. Adv. Pall. Med. 2011; 10, 1: 17–2

Soil Microorganisms Quantitative Dynamic Characterizing the Overall Biological State in Rhizosphere of Tobacco and Tomato Plants Infected by Broomrape

The quantitative dynamics of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere of tobacco and tomato plants infected by broomrape %252FPhelipanche ramosa L.%252F were investigated. Parallel pot experiments with the two hosts of the parasite - Oriental type of tobacco and tomato were presented. The variants were%253A by introducing contamination into the soil - seeds by broomrape and control pots - without the seeds by broomrape. Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. Soil samples for microbiological analyzes were taken from the rhizosphere, in dynamics. The microbiological analyses were executed according to Kohs, in three replications (MPN%252Fg a.d.s), with confidence level 0.05. The surveyed set of soil microorganisms has been comprised two indicators groups characterizing the overall biological state of the microbial communities%253A Autochthonous (on soil extract agar) and Oligotrophic (on diluted soil extract agar). Diversity indexes Shannon (H) and Simpson (D) and the distribution evenness (EH) in the microbial communities were determined. A statistical analysis has been made. The obtained results showed that the quantities of the two groups of microorganisms begun to change visibly around and after 20th day, compared to the amount at the rhizosphere of uninfected by broomrape plants. There was an increase at the population density of autochthonous microorganisms between 20 and 60 days and reduced significantly after this period. The trend was reversed at oligotrophic microorganisms, but the quantities were higher throughout the study period. These dynamics coincide with the phases of broomrape development - germination, formation of a haustorium (about 10-20th day) and attachment to the root of the host (up to about 40-60 days) and the above-ground phases (80-100 days). The analysis showed that microbial communities formed in rhizospheres in the presence of a broomrape had been an oligotrophic character. The relative share of oligotrophic microorganisms in these microbial communities was over 50%25 at both host rhizospheres

Microbiome status of unregulated raw tobacco blends for hand-rolling cigarettes (RYO tobaccos)

The research was conducted on 18 samples of RYO tobacco. The density (CFU/g a.d.s.) of three heterotrophic groups of microorganisms and some physical-chemical indicators were determined. The analyses were performed according to classic methods. Quantitative and qualitative changes at the microbiome as a result of disruption of homeostasis in microbial communities and development of secondary succession in the direction of intensive mineralization processes were found. Statistically significant correlation dependences with the physical-chemical parameters were registered. In addition to a potential risk in term of sanitary-hygiene and health aspects, the changes also have a negative impact on the consumer qualities of tobacco blends

Opieka paliatywna w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej w Bułgarii

Wstęp. W Bułgarii podstawową opiekę zdrowotną osobom poważnie chorym zapewniają lekarze pierwszego kontaktu (POZ). W chwili obecnej brakuje regulacji prawnych dotyczących opieki paliatywnej. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza tych działań lekarzy POZ, które dotyczą pacjentów wymagających opieki paliatywnej. Materiał i metody. Grupę 211 pacjentów spełniających kryteria diagnostyczne wymagane do włączenia do badania obserwowało 42 lekarzy POZ. Na potrzeby badania opracowano specjalny formularz, odzwierciedlający czynności wykonane podczas 625 konsultacji lekarskich. W formularzu ujęto również subiektywną ocenę pacjentów. Statystyczną analizę danych wykonano za pomocą oprogramowania SPSS 17. Wyniki. W grupie badanych przeważali pacjenci w wieku powyżej 60 lat. Rozkład według płci był zrównoważony. Podział według kryteriów diagnostycznych przedstawiał się następująco: choroba nowotworowa (87 — 41,28 ± 3,38%); przewlekła niewydolność serca (CHF) (65 — 30,80 ± 3,17%); przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc (POChP) (20 — 9,47 ± 2,01%) oraz choroby stanowiące połączenia wyżej wymienionych (39 — 18,48 ± 2,67%). Nie stwierdzono istotnych zależności pomiędzy liczbą wystawionych skierowań a diagnozą i statusem socjalnym pacjenta. Wykazano nieznaczną współzależność między niższym poziomem wykształcenia, niższym statusem socjalnym, obecnością POChP a większą częstością wizyt domowych. Ból i zmęczenie były podstawowymi objawami zaobserwowanymi w niniejszym badaniu. Rozbieżność w ocenach pacjentów i lekarzy POZ dotyczyła objawów subiektywnych. W przypadku chorób nowotworowych diagnoza i rokowania były omawiane częściej z członkami rodziny pacjenta. Wnioski. W ramach swoich podstawowych obowiązków lekarze POZ wykonywali czynności związane z opieką paliatywną. Zbadanie tych czynności oraz analiza wyników mogą posłużyć jako pierwszy krok w uzyskaniu informacji na temat strukturalnej opieki paliatywnej w Bułgarii. Medycyna Paliatywna w Praktyce 2011; 5, 2: 54–5

Fragment-Based Interrogation of the 14–3–3/TAZ Protein–Protein Interaction

The identification of chemical starting points for the development of molecular glues is challenging. Here, we employed fragment screening and identified an allosteric stabilizer of the complex between 14-3-3 and a TAZ-derived peptide. The fragment binds preferentially to the 14-3-3/TAZ peptide complex and shows moderate stabilization in differential scanning fluorimetry and microscale thermophoresis. The binding site of the fragment was predicted by molecular dynamics calculations to be distant from the 14-3-3/TAZ peptide interface, located between helices 8 and 9 of the 14-3-3 protein. This site was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray protein crystallography, revealing the first example of an allosteric stabilizer for 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions

Educational paper: Abusive Head Trauma Part I. Clinical aspects

Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) refers to the combination of findings formerly described as shaken baby syndrome. Although these findings can be caused by shaking, it has become clear that in many cases there may have been impact trauma as well. Therefore a less specific term has been adopted by the American Academy of Pediatrics. AHT is a relatively common cause of childhood neurotrauma with an estimated incidence of 14–40 cases per 100,000 children under the age of 1 year. About 15–23% of these children die within hours or days after the incident. Studies among AHT survivors demonstrate that approximately one-third of the children are severely disabled, one-third of them are moderately disabled and one-third have no or only mild symptoms. Other publications suggest that neurological problems can occur after a symptom-free interval and that half of these children have IQs below the 10th percentile. Clinical findings are depending on the definitions used, but AHT should be considered in all children with neurological signs and symptoms especially if no or only mild trauma is described. Subdural haematomas are the most reported finding. The only feature that has been identified discriminating AHT from accidental injury is apnoea. Conclusion: AHT should be approached with a structured approach, as in any other (potentially lethal) disease. The clinician can only establish this diagnosis if he/she has knowledge of the signs and symptoms of AHT, risk factors, the differential diagnosis and which additional investigations to perform, the more so since parents seldom will describe the true state of affairs spontaneously