Morphology of Root Canal System of Maxillary and Mandibular Molars

The root canal system is complicated and has many anatomical variations among different populations. It is so important to understand the morphology of root canal system before any endodontic procedure, since the lack of knowledge of root canal system could lead to missing the additional root canals which causes failure of endodontic treatment. The study of root canal anatomy was carried out by many researchers and among different populations using various techniques. The presence of additional root canals was most commonly observed in molars. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the morphology of root canal system of maxillary and mandibular molars and its variation among populations

An In Vitro Evaluation Study of the Geometric Changes of Root Canal Preparation and the Quality of Endodontic Treatment

Introduction. The geometry of root canals differs in different parts, especially in the apical region, and it is affected by different preparation techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the geometric changes of root canal preparation by general dentists regardless of the endodontic instrumentation systems and to study the quality of endodontic treatment by evaluating the untouched areas after mechanical preparation and the smear layer removal. Materials and Methods. 100 extracted maxillary canines were collected for the in vitro study from 10 dentists, and the dentists were asked to treat the teeth endodontically. The teeth then were separated and examined under an optical microscope to evaluate the root canal final diameter and the untouched areas. Then, the teeth were examined under a scanned electronic microscope to evaluate the smear layer in coronal, middle, and third parts of the canal. Statistical significance was set as P<0.05. Results. The mean diameter of the root canal after instrumentation in the coronal and middle thirds was 2.50 ± 1.12 and 1.75 ± 1.24 mm, respectively, and the untouched area percentage observed in the apical thirds was 71%. For smear layer removal, it was better in the coronal and middle thirds than in the apical (P<0.05). Conclusion. The changes in the diameter of the root canal, the percentage of untouched areas after mechanical preparation, and the percentage of smear layer were observed in a higher percent in the apical third than in the coronal and middle thirds, and this raises the question of changing the technique of processing the root canal, especially in the apical third

A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scanning of the Root Canal System of Permanent Teeth among the Moscow Population

Background. Successful endodontic treatment requires a significant knowledge of root canal anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and root canal number of permanent teeth among the Moscow population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning. Materials and methods. 300 CBCT images of subjects were analyzed to study the anatomy of roots and root canal system of each tooth. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software 22.0 version. Results. The maxillary incisors and canines had one root with one canal in 100%. Maxillary premolars had one root with one or two canals and two roots with two canals, while mandibular premolars were single-rooted with one or two canals. Maxillary first and second molar had three separated roots, and the prevalence of four canals was more often in first molars. Mandibular molars had two roots with different number of canals. Conclusion. The root canal system varies greatly among populations and even in different individuals within the same population; thus, using CBCT scanning is an effective technique in investigating the root canal system

Оценка длины моляров и премоляров верхней челюсти и расстояния от верхушек этих зубов до верхнечелюстного синуса по данным конусно-лучевой компьютерной томографии (КЛКТ) в различных возрастных группах

To plan dental interventions on the upper jaw teeth, a doctor needs to know the relationship of the teeth apexes and maxillary sinus. Measurement of these parameters using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows to plan the interventions precisely to minimise complications. Aim. It was to evaluate the length of the molars and premolars of the upper jaw and the distance from the apexes of their roots to the maxillary sinus floor according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different age groups. Material and methods. We analysed CBCT data of patients in three age groups: young, middle and elderly. On the upper jaw, the length of molar and premolar roots in the examined contingent is the same in all age groups and is within 18-19 mm and 20-21 mm, respectively. Results. The smallest distance to the maxillary sinus was recorded in the second and third molars in the young and middle age group and in the second premolar region in the young age group. With age, there is a significant increase in the distance to the sinus in the molar zone.Для планирования стоматологических вмешательствах на верхней челюсти, врачу необходимо знать соотношение верхушек корней зубов верхней челюсти с верхнечелюстной пазухой. Измерение этих показателей с помощью конусно-лучевой компьютерной томографии (КЛКТ) позволяет составить план вмешательства и минимизировать развитие осложнений. Цель. Изучение длины моляров, премоляров верхней челюсти и расстояния между верхушками корней этих зубов до верхнечелюстного синуса по данным конусно-лучевой компьютерной томографии (КЛКТ) в различных возрастных группах. Материалы и методы. Нами проанализированы данные КЛКТ пациентов в трех возрастных группах: молодой, средний и пожилой. На верхней челюсти длина корней моляров и премоляров у обследованного контингента одинакова во всех возрастных группах и находится в пределах 18-19 мм и 20-21 мм соответственно. Результаты. Наименьшее расстояние до гайморовой пазухи зарегистрировано в области второго и третьего моляров в молодой и средней возрастной группе и в области второго премоляра в молодой возрастной группе. С возрастом наблюдается достоверное увеличение расстояния до синуса в зоне моляров

Evaluation the relationship between mandibular molar root apices and mandibular canal among residents of the moscow population using cone-beam computed tomography technique

Background: The relationship between the inferior alveolar nerve and the root apices of the mandibular molars and premolars is of clinical importance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the mandibular molar root apices using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning among residents of the Moscow population. Materials and methods: Three hundred CBCT scans for patients aged 20-70 years were analyzed. Patients were divided into three age groups: young group (20-44 years), middle-age group (45-59 years), and elderly group (60-70). The distance from the MC and the mandibular molar root apices was measured in each group in the coronal view of CBCT scans. Statistical analysis was set on P < 0.05. Results: The mean distance from the mesial root apices of the first, second, and third molars to the MC was 4.92, 2.85, and 2.24 mm, respectively. The distal root showed to be the closest root to the MC in multirooted teeth. The young age group showed smaller distances to MC than other age groups (P < 0.05). Females showed smaller distances to MC in mandibular molars than males (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The distance between the root apices and the MC has to be taken into consideration when performing surgical or endodontic procedures

Estimation of the length of maxillary molars and premolars and the distance from the apexes of these teeth to the maxillary sinus according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different age groups

To plan dental interventions on the upper jaw teeth, a doctor needs to know the relationship of the teeth apexes and maxillary sinus. Measurement of these parameters using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows to plan the interventions precisely to minimise complications.Аim. It was to evaluate the length of the molars and premolars of the upper jaw and the distance from the apexes of their roots to the maxillary sinus floor according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in different age groups.Material and methods. We analysed CBCT data of patients in three age groups: young, middle and elderly. On the upper jaw, the length of molar and premolar roots in the examined contingent is the same in all age groups and is within 18-19 mm and 20-21 mm, respectively.Results. The smallest distance to the maxillary sinus was recorded in the second and third molars in the young and middle age group and in the second premolar region in the young age group. With age, there is a significant increase in the distance to the sinus in the molar zone