Vedinkaston käyttö utaretulehduksen ehkäisyssä - kirjallisuuskatsaus ja neuvojakysely : Postmilking teat disinfection in prevention of mastitis – Review and a survey for dairy advisors

Peer reviewe

Selective dry cow therapy effect on milk yield and somatic cell count: A retrospective cohort study

Peer reviewe

Vedinpesun onnistuminen automaattisessa lypsyjärjestelmässä – Tekninen onnistuminen ja pesutulos

Utareen ja vedinten pinta on merkittävä raakamaidon likaantumisen lähde, joten vedinten pesu ennenlypsyä on tarpeellista maidon likaantumisen ehkäisemiseksi. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetuksen8/EEO/2002 mukaan vetimet, utareet ja tarvittaessa niiden lähialueet on puhdistettava ja tarvittaessamyös kuivattava ennen lypsyä. Suomessa markkinoilla olevissa automaattisissa lypsyjärjestelmissä eivielä ole vedinpesun kontrollointia eli pesun epäonnistumisesta ei jää tietoa laitteiston rekisteriin.Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää vedinpesun onnistuminen automaattisessa lypsyjärjestelmässäsekä syitä mahdollisiin epäonnistumisiin. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana kaksi automaattista lypsyjärjestelmää,DeLaval VMS ja Lely Astronaut. Tutkimus tehtiin yhdeksällä suomalaisella automaattilypsyjärjestelmääkäyttävällä tilalla.Vedinten pesun teknistä onnistumista selvitettiin katsomalla onko vedin pesulaitteessa eli tässätapauksessa pesukupissa (DeLaval) tai harjojen välissä (Lely). Täysin onnistuneessa pesussa vetimentäytyi olla pesulaitteessa kokonaan ja suorana koko pesun ajan. Osittain onnistunut pesu oli kyseessäesimerkiksi silloin, jos vedin oli pesulaittessa vinossa. Täysin epäonnistuneeksi määritellyssä pesussa,vedin ei ollut ollenkaan pesulaitteessa pesun aikana. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin vedinpesun teknisenonnistumisen lisäksi vedinten pesun pesutulosta. Pesutulosta selvitettiin luokittelemalla vetimet likaisuudenmukaan silmämääräisesti ennen pesua ja pesun jälkeen. Arviointi tehtiin vetimeen koskemattaja vain yhdeltä puolelta. Vetimen pään ja vedinkanavan aukon arvioinnissa apuna käytettiin peiliä.Visuaalisen arvioinnin varmennukseksi vetimistä otettiin puhtausnäytteet pesun jälkeen valkoisillakuituliinoilla.Tutkimuksessa mukana olleiden automaattisten lypsyjärjestelmien osalta tulokset ovat melkoyhteneväiset. Molemmat järjestelmät onnistuivat kohtuullisesti puhdistamaan sellaiset vetimet, jotkaolivat ennen pesua lähes puhtaita tai vain hieman likaisia. Sellaisten vedinten kohdalla, jotka ennenpesua olivat likaisia tai erittäin likaisia, molemmilla järjestelmillä oli vaikeuksia saada vetimiä täysinpuhtaiksi. Parantamisen varaa löytyy myös vedinten pesun teknisen onnistumisen osalta. Lehmästäjohtuvia syitä vedinpesun epäonnistumiseen oli muun muassa huono utarerakenne ja rauhaton käytöspesun aikana.Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että eläinten puhtaana pysymiseen on automaattilypsyssäkiinnitettävä tavallista enemmän huomiota. Automaattinen lypsyjärjestelmä vaatiikiin karjanhoitajaltaaktiivisuutta, jotta vedinten pesu onnistuisi ja lypsy tapahtuisi puhtaista vetimistä. Laitevalmistajanosuudeksi jää laitteiston toimintavarmuuden parantaminen

Dry cow therapy and early lactation udder health problems - Associations and risk factors

Mastitis remains the most expensive disease of dairy cows, and antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) at dry-off is an important part of mastitis control. Regardless of the infection status, blanket DCT is administered to all quarters of all cows, which is controversial due to the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance. Even though selective DCT of only infected cows is a more sustainable approach, choosing animals for treatment is not always straightforward. Our aim was to evaluate whether the herd-level DCT approach is associated with early lactation udder health problems, taking into account the cow characteristics. The information source was 2015?2017 Dairy Herd Improvement data with 7461 multiparous cows from 241 Finnish dairy herds. Information on the herd-level DCT approach was obtained from farmers? questionnaire responses in 2017, and the three different approaches were selective DCT, blanket DCT, and no DCT. The statistical tool for the data analysis was a generalized linear mixed model with a random herd effect for binary outcomes and a linear mixed model with a random herd effect for a continuous outcome. The two binary outcomes were the odds of having high milk somatic cell count (SCC ? 200 000 cells/mL) on the first test-day within 5?45 days in milk (DIM) and the odds of mastitis treatment in early lactation up to 45 DIM. The third outcome was the mean milk lnSCC (? 1000 cells/ mL) within 120 DIM. Selective DCT was the prevailing treatment practice in our data. Blanket DCT was associated with lower SCC after calving. Cows more likely to have high SCC after calving were older cows, cows with high average SCC during the previous lactation, and cows with high milk yield near dry-off. A mastitis treatment in the early lactation was more likely if, during the previous lactation, the cow had high average SCC, high peak milk production, or high milk yield near dry-off. Our findings indicate that DCT is still effective in mastitis control. Cows with high milk yield, especially near dry-off, and cows with persistently high SCC require attention when considering next lactation udder health.Mastitis remains the most expensive disease of dairy cows, and antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) at dry-off is an important part of mastitis control. Regardless of the infection status, blanket DCT is administered to all quarters of all cows, which is controversial due to the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance. Even though selective DCT of only infected cows is a more sustainable approach, choosing animals for treatment is not always straightforward. Our aim was to evaluate whether the herd-level DCT approach is associated with early lactation udder health problems, taking into account the cow characteristics. The information source was 2015?2017 Dairy Herd Improvement data with 7461 multiparous cows from 241 Finnish dairy herds. Information on the herd-level DCT approach was obtained from farmers? questionnaire responses in 2017, and the three different approaches were selective DCT, blanket DCT, and no DCT. The statistical tool for the data analysis was a generalized linear mixed model with a random herd effect for binary outcomes and a linear mixed model with a random herd effect for a continuous outcome. The two binary outcomes were the odds of having high milk somatic cell count (SCC ? 200 000 cells/mL) on the first test-day within 5?45 days in milk (DIM) and the odds of mastitis treatment in early lactation up to 45 DIM. The third outcome was the mean milk lnSCC (? 1000 cells/ mL) within 120 DIM. Selective DCT was the prevailing treatment practice in our data. Blanket DCT was associated with lower SCC after calving. Cows more likely to have high SCC after calving were older cows, cows with high average SCC during the previous lactation, and cows with high milk yield near dry-off. A mastitis treatment in the early lactation was more likely if, during the previous lactation, the cow had high average SCC, high peak milk production, or high milk yield near dry-off. Our findings indicate that DCT is still effective in mastitis control. Cows with high milk yield, especially near dry-off, and cows with persistently high SCC require attention when considering next lactation udder health.Peer reviewe

Detection of clinical mastitis with the help of a thermal camera

Increasing dairy farm size and increase in automation in livestock production require that new methods are used to monitor animal health. In this study, a thermal camera was tested for its capacity to detect clinical mastitis. Mastitis was experimentally induced in 6 cows with 10 mu g of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS was infused into the left forequarter of each cow, and the right forequarters served as controls. Clinical examination for systemic and local signs and sampling for indicators of inflammation in milk were carried out before morning and evening milking throughout the 5-d experimental period and more frequently on the challenge day. Thermal images of experimental and control quarters were taken at each sampling time from lateral and medial angles. The first signs of clinical mastitis were noted in all cows 2 h postchallenge and included changes in general appearance of the cows and local clinical signs in the affected udder quarter. Rectal temperature, milk somatic cell count, and electrical conductivity were increased 4 h postchallenge and milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity 8 h postchallenge. The thermal camera was successful in detecting the 1 to 1.5 degrees C temperature change on udder skin associated with clinical mastitis in all cows because temperature of the udder skin of the experimental and control quarters increased in line with the rectal temperature. Yet, local signs on the udder were seen before the rise in udder skin and body temperature. The udder represents a sensitive site for detection of any febrile disease using a noninvasive method. A thermal camera mounted in a milking or feeding parlor could detect temperature changes associated with clinical mastitis or other diseases in a dairy herd.Increasing dairy farm size and increase in automation in livestock production require that new methods are used to monitor animal health. In this study, a thermal camera was tested for its capacity to detect clinical mastitis. Mastitis was experimentally induced in 6 cows with 10 mu g of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS was infused into the left forequarter of each cow, and the right forequarters served as controls. Clinical examination for systemic and local signs and sampling for indicators of inflammation in milk were carried out before morning and evening milking throughout the 5-d experimental period and more frequently on the challenge day. Thermal images of experimental and control quarters were taken at each sampling time from lateral and medial angles. The first signs of clinical mastitis were noted in all cows 2 h postchallenge and included changes in general appearance of the cows and local clinical signs in the affected udder quarter. Rectal temperature, milk somatic cell count, and electrical conductivity were increased 4 h postchallenge and milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity 8 h postchallenge. The thermal camera was successful in detecting the 1 to 1.5 degrees C temperature change on udder skin associated with clinical mastitis in all cows because temperature of the udder skin of the experimental and control quarters increased in line with the rectal temperature. Yet, local signs on the udder were seen before the rise in udder skin and body temperature. The udder represents a sensitive site for detection of any febrile disease using a noninvasive method. A thermal camera mounted in a milking or feeding parlor could detect temperature changes associated with clinical mastitis or other diseases in a dairy herd.Increasing dairy farm size and increase in automation in livestock production require that new methods are used to monitor animal health. In this study, a thermal camera was tested for its capacity to detect clinical mastitis. Mastitis was experimentally induced in 6 cows with 10 mu g of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The LPS was infused into the left forequarter of each cow, and the right forequarters served as controls. Clinical examination for systemic and local signs and sampling for indicators of inflammation in milk were carried out before morning and evening milking throughout the 5-d experimental period and more frequently on the challenge day. Thermal images of experimental and control quarters were taken at each sampling time from lateral and medial angles. The first signs of clinical mastitis were noted in all cows 2 h postchallenge and included changes in general appearance of the cows and local clinical signs in the affected udder quarter. Rectal temperature, milk somatic cell count, and electrical conductivity were increased 4 h postchallenge and milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity 8 h postchallenge. The thermal camera was successful in detecting the 1 to 1.5 degrees C temperature change on udder skin associated with clinical mastitis in all cows because temperature of the udder skin of the experimental and control quarters increased in line with the rectal temperature. Yet, local signs on the udder were seen before the rise in udder skin and body temperature. The udder represents a sensitive site for detection of any febrile disease using a noninvasive method. A thermal camera mounted in a milking or feeding parlor could detect temperature changes associated with clinical mastitis or other diseases in a dairy herd.Peer reviewe

Prototheca spp. naudan utaretulehduksen aiheuttajana : kirjallisuuskatsaus ja tapausselostus kolmesta karjaongelmasta

Lypsylehmien utaretulehdus heikentää eläinten hyvinvointia sekä tuotannon taloudellisuutta. Prototheca spp. -levät elävät kosteissa ympäristöissä ja kykenevät muodostamaan pinnoille biofilmejä. Prototekan aiheuttama utaretulehdus on harvinainen mutta yleistynyt viime vuosina. Useimmiten aiheuttajana on Prototheca bovis. Prototekan taudinaiheutus perustuu kudosinvaasioon. Tulehdus voi olla paikallinen, jolloin lehmällä ei ole yleisoireita, mutta maito voi muuttua vetiseksi tai utare turvonneeksi ja kovaksi. Toisinaan prototeka aiheuttaa akuutin kuumeisen utaretulehduksen. Useimmiten tulehdukset ovat lieviä tai kohtalaisia. Prototeka-utaretulehdukseen ei ole tehokasta hoitoa, joten vaihtoehdoiksi jäävät erilleen lypsy, infektoituneen neljänneksen umpeutus tai lehmän poisto. Ehkäisyssä on tärkeää huolehtia lypsyhygieniasta sekä ympäristön puhtaudesta. Osa prototeka-lajeista on zoonoottisia ja ne aiheuttavat tyypillisimmin ihmiselle iho-oireita. Kolmella suomalaisella lypsykarjatilalla prototeka-utaretulehdukset olivat muodostuneet karjaongelmaksi ja niille tehtiin ongelmanselvityskäynnit. Käynneillä otetuista ympäristönäytteistä löytyi PCR-menetelmällä Prototheca spp. useista kohteista. Tiloille annettiin toiminnan parannusehdotuksia. Kahdella tilalla prototekan aiheuttamat utaretulehdukset loppuivat ja yhdellä niiden määrä väheni.Peer reviewe

Antibiotic dry cow therapy, somatic cell count, and milk production : Retrospective analysis of the associations in dairy herd recording data using multilevel growth models

Antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) is an important part of most mastitis control programs. Updating DCT recommendations is an ongoing topic due to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Finland, along with other Nordic countries, has implemented selective DCT for decades. Our study analyzed Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) information from 241 Finnish farmers who participated in a survey about their drying-off practices. The aim was to evaluate herd-level associations between milk somatic cell count (SCC), milk production, and various antimicrobial DCT approaches both cross-sectionally in 2016 and longitudinally in 2012 - 2016. The three DCT approaches in the study were selective, blanket, and no DCT use. An additional aim was to evaluate whether dynamic changes occurred in herd-average SCC and annual milk production over five years, and whether these potential changes differed between different DCT approaches. The method for the longitudinal analyses was growth modeling with random coefficient models. Differences in SCC and milk production between farms with different DCT approaches were minor. Regardless of the farm's DCT approach, annual milk production increased over the years, while average SCC was reasonably constant. The variability in SCC and milk production across all DCT groups was low between years, and most of the variability was between farms. Compared to other milking systems, farms with automatic milking system (AMS) had higher SCC, and in 2016 higher milk production. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to maintain low herd-average SCC and good milk production when using selective DCT and following the guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use. Average SCC and milk production varied across the herds, suggesting that advice on DCT practices should be herd-specific. The methodology of growth modeling using random coefficient models was applicable in analyzing longitudinal data, in which the time frame was relatively short and the number of herds was limited.Peer reviewe

Lypsykarjatilan eläinten ryhmittely : tavoitteena sujuva työ ja eläinten hyvinvointi

Lypsykarjatilan eläinten ryhmittely jaettu Maito ja Me -lehden liitteenä 1/201

Gellan gum-gelatin based cardiac models support formation of cellular networks and functional cardiomyocytes

Cardiovascular diseases remain as the most common cause of death worldwide. To reveal the underlying mechanisms in varying cardiovascular diseases, in vitro models with cells and supportive biomaterial can be designed to recapitulate the essential components of human heart. In this study, we analyzed whether 3D co-culture of cardiomyocytes (CM) with vascular network and with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASC) can support CM functionality. CM were cultured with either endothelial cells (EC) and ASC or with only ASC in hydrazide-modified gelatin and oxidized gellan gum hybrid hydrogel to form cardiovascular multiculture and myocardial co-culture, respectively. We studied functional characteristics of CM in two different cellular set-ups and analyzed vascular network formation, cellular morphology and orientation. The results showed that gellan gum-gelatin hydrogel supports formation of two different cellular networks and functional CM. We detected formation of a modest vascular network in cardiovascular multiculture and extensive ASC-derived alpha smooth muscle actin -positive cellular network in multi- and co-culture. iPSC-CM showed elongated morphology, partly aligned orientation with the formed networks and presented normal calcium transients, beating rates, and contraction and relaxation behavior in both setups. These 3D cardiac models provide promising platforms to study (patho) physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases.Peer reviewe