20 research outputs found

    Some Facts about Me and I

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    This paper is a continuation of Householder(1986), concentrating now on the choices of personal pronouns ("case· assignment") in English, based upon an extensive collection of data from a variety of sources. It is shown that Klima's original scheme of four styles (L1, L2, L3, L4) can be kept by redefining, with the aim of making L" the editorially approved written style, La the normal colloquial style, L2 a slightly hypercorrect deviant and L4 a slightly substandard deviant. Appendices are presented containing many examples of most styles in the ten newly defined environments (increased from seven in the earlier article)

    Some Facts about Who and Whom

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    In this paper we consider the relative frequencies of the four basic types of human objective relative clauses in English(The woman I love, The woman that I love, The woman Whom I love, The woman who I love) in a variety of literary sources for colloquial speech from Shakespeare to the present, and attempt to relate these to Klima's four types or stages of English (L_1, L_2, L_3, L_4). Evidence is offered to show that Klima overlooked an important type with I, he, we in the places where, L_4 has me, him, us, regardless of government or agreement, here called L_2 1/2. In all or nearly all sources the clause-type represented by "The woman who I love" is the rarest and either "The woman I love", or (in George V. Higgins-and Mark Twain) "The woman that I love" is the most frequent type. The type(mentioned by Klima in a footnote) which regularly employs "He asked who I loved" but prefers "The woman whom I love" to "The woman who I love" (here called L_1 1/2) is shown to be clearly preferred to Klima's L_2 from Shakespeare on down to the present, as well as to L_1

    The sign gravitates to the word

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