Coherent diffraction of single Rice Dwarf virus particles using hard X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Single particle diffractive imaging data from Rice Dwarf Virus (RDV) were recorded using the Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). RDV was chosen as it is a wellcharacterized model system, useful for proof-of-principle experiments, system optimization and algorithm development. RDV, an icosahedral virus of about 70 nm in diameter, was aerosolized and injected into the approximately 0.1 mu m diameter focused hard X-ray beam at the CXI instrument of LCLS. Diffraction patterns from RDV with signal to 5.9 angstrom ngstrom were recorded. The diffraction data are available through the Coherent X-ray Imaging Data Bank (CXIDB) as a resource for algorithm development, the contents of which are described here.11Ysciescopu

Numerical investigations of unconstrained melting of nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) inside a spherical container

This paper presents a numerical study of unconstrained melting of nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) inside a spherical container using RT27 and copper particles as base material and nano-particle, respectively. Numerical studies are performed for three different Stefan number and volume fraction of nano-particles with an initial sub-cooling of 6 °C. Transient numerical simulations are performed for axi-symmetric melting inside a sphere. The simulation results show that the nano-particles cause an increase in thermal conductivity of NEPCM compared to conventional PCM. The enhancement in thermal conductivity with a decrease in latent heat results in higher melting rate of NEPCM

Numerical Heat Transfer Studies of a Latent Heat Storage System Containing Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material

The heat transfer enhancement in the latent heat thermal energy storage system through dispersion of nanoparticle is reported. The resulting nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity in comparison to the base material. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction and some other parameters such as natural convection are studied in terms of solid fraction and the shape of the solid-liquid phase front. It has been found that higher nanoparticle volume fraction result in a larger solid fraction. The present results illustrate that the suspended nanoparticles substantially increase the heat transfer rate and also the nanofluid heat transfer rate increases with an increase in the nanoparticles volume fraction. The increase of the heat release rate of the NEPCM shows its great potential for diverse thermal energy storage application

Unconstrained melting inside a sphere

This paper presents both numerical and experimental investigations on unconstrained melting of phase change material (PCM) using n-octadecane inside a spherical container. Experimental studies are performed for three different wall temperatures of the container at 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C with the PCM at an initial sub-cooling of 1 °C below the melting temperature. Numerical simulations are performed for axisymmetric melting of PCM inside a sphere using the Fluent 6.3 software. After validating the numerical results with the experimental data, the effect of shell diameter on melting at different Stefan numbers is studied numerically. The results indicate that the melting rate is high at the beginning of melting due to perfect contact between the hot shell and solid PCM. The melting rate reduces with progressing time when a layer of molten PCM is formed between the shell and solid PCM. After this stage, the effect of conduction heat transfer diminishes and restricted to the bottom of sphere where the solid PCM sinks. At both sides of the sphere, convection heat transfer in the liquid PCM becomes the dominant mode for melting

Experimental ad numerical investigation of unconstrained melting inside a spherical container

Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Turkey, 19-21 July, 2010.ej201

Coherent soft X-ray diffraction imaging of coliphage PR772 at the Linac coherent light source

Single-particle diffraction from X-ray Free Electron Lasers offers the potential for molecular structure determination without the need for crystallization. In an effort to further develop the technique, we present a dataset of coherent soft X-ray diffraction images of Coliphage PR772 virus, collected at the Atomic Molecular Optics (AMO) beamline with pnCCD detectors in the LAMP instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source. The diameter of PR772 ranges from 65-70 nm, which is considerably smaller than the previously reported similar to 600 nm diameter Mimivirus. This reflects continued progress in XFEL-based single-particle imaging towards the single molecular imaging regime. The data set contains significantly more single particle hits than collected in previous experiments, enabling the development of improved statistical analysis, reconstruction algorithms, and quantitative metrics to determine resolution and self-consistency.11Nsciescopu