18 research outputs found
Observation of nonvolatile magneto-thermal switching in superconductors
Applying a magnetic field to a solid changes its thermal-transport
properties. Although such magneto-thermal-transport phenomena are usually small
effects, giant magneto-thermal resistance has recently been observed in
spintronic materials1,2 and superconductors3,4, opening up new possibilities in
thermal management technologies. However, the thermal conductivity
conventionally changes only when a magnetic field is applied due to the absence
of nonvolatility, which limits potential applications of thermal switching
devices5,6. Here, we report the observation of nonvolatile thermal switching
that changes the thermal conductivity when a magnetic field is applied and
retains the value even when the field is turned off. This unconventional
magneto-thermal switching, surprisingly, arises in commercial Sn-Pb solders and
is realized by phase-separated superconducting states and resultant nonuniform
magnetic flux distributions. This result confirms the versatility of the
observed phenomenon and aids the development of active solid-state thermal
management devices.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures & 9 extended data figure
Recent advances in SmFe12-based permanent magnets
To realize a sustainable society, âgreen technologyâ with low (or even zero) CO2 emissions is required. A key material in such technology is a permanent magnet because it is utilized for electric-power conversion in several applications including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid EVs (HEVs), and turbines for wind power generation. To realize highly efficient electric-power conversion, a stronger permanent magnet than NdâFeâB is necessary. One potential candidate is a Fe-rich SmFe12-based compound with a ThMn12 structure. In this paper, the phase stability, structure, and intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties in both film and bulk forms are reviewed. Based on these results, a possible way to realize a strong SmFe12-based permanent magnet in bulk form is discussed
Most frequently asked questions about the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets
Physically, the coercivity of permanent magnets should scale with the anisotropy field of ferromagnetic compounds, HA; however, the typical coercivity values of commercial polycrystalline sintered magnets are only ~0.2Â HA, which is known as Brownâs paradox. Recent advances in multi-scale microstructure characterizations using focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM), aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected STEM), and atom probe tomography (APT) revealed detailed microstructural features of commercial and experimental Nd-Fe-B magnets. These investigations suggest the magnetism of a thin layer formed along grain boundaries (intergranular phase) is a critical factor that influences the coercivity of polycrystalline magnets. To determine the magnetism of the thin intergranular phase, soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and electron holography play critical roles. Large-scale micromagnetic simulations using the models that are close to real microstructure incorporating the recent microstructure characterization results gave insights on how the coercivity and its thermal stability is influenced by the microstructures. Based on these new findings, coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnets is being improved to its limit. This review replies to the most frequently asked questions about the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets based on our recent studies
Tomography-based digital twin of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets
Abstract Many functional materials have been designed at the multiscale level. To properly simulate their physical properties, large and sophisticated computer models that can replicate microstructural features with nanometer-scale accuracy are required. This is the case for permanent magnets, which exhibit a long-standing problem of a significant offset between the simulated and experimental coercivities. To overcome this problem and resolve the Brown paradox, we propose an approach to construct large-scale finite element models based on the tomographic data from scanning electron microscopy. Our approach reconstructs a polycrystalline microstructure with actual shape, size, and packing of the grains as well as the individual regions of thin intergranular phase separated by triple junctions. Such a micromagnetic model can reproduce the experimental coercivity of ultrafine-grained Nd-Fe-B magnets along with its mechanism according to the angular dependence of coercivity. Furthermore, a remarkable role of thin triple junctions as nucleation centers for magnetization reversal is revealed. The developed digital twins of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets can assist their optimization toward the ultimate coercivity, while the proposed tomography-based approach can be applied to a wide range of polycrystalline materials