Constitutional Amendments and their Impacts on the Democratic Development in Mubarak Era

The Constitutions document contains a set of rules that determines the political system of the state and the relationship of the state to the individual from the political point considering the rights and the public freedoms and thus its topics includes the state and its political system (which basically cares about the legislative authority then the executive and judicial authorities) and the rights of the individuals and there freedoms. The study will handle the constitutional amendments and their impact on democratic development since the approval of the late President, Mohammed Anwar Al-Sadat in 22 May, 1980 on the first constitutional amendment which included five articles (1,24,5,77) then the second constitutional amendment by the President Mubarak, the important article (No.76) that concerns the manner of choosing the President, and the addition of article 192 repeated, where the amendment was a result of a referendum on the constitution that was held in May, 2005.Then came the third amendment in March 2007 that modifies (34) articles, which changed the form of the State in terms of its economic ideology. Although these constitutional amendments, but the implications of these amendments on pushing the democratic development in Mubarak era into the political system was limited, whereas the constitutional amendments appear to be compatible with the democratic development process, but in fact it is not as it looks like. Here comes the importance of the research in this difference that makes a conflict in the visions and the perceptions to the democratic development of the Egyptian political system in Mubarak Era

REAL TIME ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONSIDERING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES UNCERTAINTY USING EFFECTIVE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

El despacho económico es uno de los conceptos esenciales en los sistemas de gestión y operación de sistemas eléctricos de potencia. Por otro lado, con la creciente preocupación por las emisiones contaminantes, encontrar una solución para la emisión se ha convertido en un tema esencial para el sistema de generación de energía además del coste total del combustible en todo el mundo. En esta tesis, el problema se resuelve en base a funciones mono/multiobjetivo utilizando algoritmos de optimización conocidos y mejorados. Además, el modelo multiobjetivo, no convexo y no lineal, de mayor dimensión, fuertemente acoplado, se designa considerando los costes de combustible y los objetivos de emisiones simultáneamente.Economic dispatch is one of the essential concepts in electrical power system management and operation systems. On the other side, with the increasing concern for pollutant emissions considerations, finding a solution for the emission has become an essential issue for the power generation system besides the total fuel cost all over the world. In this thesis, the problem is solved based on single/multi-objective functions using well-known and enhanced optimization algorithms. In addition, the higher dimensional, strongly coupled, nonconvex and nonlinear multi-objective model is designated considering the fuel costs and emissions objectives simultaneously.Tesis Univ. Jaén. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctric

Spatial modulation schemes and modem architectures for millimeter wave radio systems

The rapid growth of wireless industry opens the door to several use cases such as internet of things and device-to-device communications, which require boosting the reliability and the spectral efficiency of the wireless access network, while reducing the energy consumption at the terminals. The vast spectrum available in millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band is one of the most promising candidates to achieve high-speed communications. However, the propagation of the radio signals at high carrier frequencies suffers from severe path-loss which reduces the coverage area. Fortunately, the small wavelengths of the mmWave signals allow packing a large number of antennas not only at the base station (BS) but also at the user terminal (UT). These massive antenna arrays can be exploited to attain high beamforming and combining gains and overcome the path-loss associated with the mmWave propagation. In conventional (fully digital) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transceivers, each antenna is connected to a specific radio-frequency (RF) chain and high resolution analog-to-digital-converter. Unfortunately, these devices are expensive and power hungry especially at mmWave frequency band and when operating in large bandwidths. Having this in mind, several MIMO transceiver architectures have been proposed with the purpose of reducing the hardware cost and the energy consumption. Fully connected hybrid analog and digital precoding schemes were proposed in with the aim of replacing some of the conventional RF chains by energy efficient analog devices. These fully connected mapping requires many analog devices that leads to non-negligible energy consumption. Partially connected hybrid architectures have been proposed to improve the energy efficiency of the fully connected transceivers by reducing the number of analog devices. Simplifying the transceiver’s architecture to reduce the power consumption results in a degradation of the attained spectral efficiency. In this PhD dissertation, we propose novel modulation schemes and massive MIMO transceiver design to combat the challenges at the mmWave cellular systems. The structure of the doctoral manuscript can be expressed as In Chapter 1, we introduce the transceiver design challenges at mmWave cellular communications. Then, we illustrate several state of the art architectures and highlight their limitations. After that, we propose scheme that attains high-energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency. In chapter 2, first, we mathematically describe the state of the art of the SM and highlight the main challenges with these schemes when applied at mmWave frequency band. In order to combat these challenges (for example, high cost and high power consumption), we propose novel SM schemes specifically designed for mmWave massive MIMO systems. After that, we explain how these schemes can be exploited in attaining energy efficient UT architecture. Finally, we present the channel model, systems assumptions and the transceiver devices power consumption models. In chapter 3, we consider single user SM system. First, we propose downlink (DL) receive SM (RSM) scheme where the UT can be implemented with single or multiple radio-frequency chains and the BS can be fully digital or hybrid architecture. Moreover, we consider different precoders at the BS and propose low complexity and efficient antenna selection schemes for narrowband and wideband transmissions. After that, we propose joint uplink-downlink SM scheme where we consider RSM in the DL and transmit SM (TSM) in the UL based on energy efficient hybrid UT architecture. In chapter 4, we extend the SM system to the multi-user case. Specifically, we develop joint multi-user power allocation, user selection and antenna selection algorithms for the broadcast and the multiple access channels. Chapter 5 is presented for concluding the thesis and proposing future research directions.Considerando los altos requerimientos de los servicios de nueva generación, las infraestructuras de red actual se han visto obligadas a evolucionar en la forma de manejar los diferentes recursos de red y computación. Con este fin, nuevas tecnologías han surgido para soportar las funcionalidades necesarias para esta evolución, significando también un gran cambio de paradigma en el diseño de arquitecturas para la futura implementación de redes.En este sentido, este documento de tesis doctoral presenta un análisis sobre estas tecnologías, enfocado en el caso de redes inter/intra Data Centre. Por consiguiente, la introducción de tecnologías basadas en redes ópticas ha sido estudiada, con el fin de identificar problemas actuales que puedan llegar a ser solucionados mediante el diseño y aplicación de nuevas técnicas, asimismo como a través del desarrollo o la extensión de los componentes de arquitectura de red.Con este propósito, se han definido una serie de propuestas relacionadas con aspectos cruciales, así como el control de dispositivos ópticos por SDN para habilitar el manejo de redes híbridas, la necesidad de definir un mecanismo de descubrimiento de topologías ópticas capaz de exponer información precisa, y el analizar las brechas existentes para la definición de una arquitectura común en fin de soportar las comunicaciones 5G.Para validar estas propuestas, se han presentado una serie de validaciones experimentales por medio de escenarios de prueba específicos, demostrando los avances en control, orquestación, virtualización y manejo de recursos con el fin de optimizar su utilización. Los resultados expuestos, además de corroborar la correcta operación de los métodos y componentes propuestos, abre el camino hacia nuevas formas de adaptar los actuales despliegues de red respecto a los desafíos definidos en el inicio de una nueva era de las telecomunicaciones.Postprint (published version

Controlled Release Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer-Based Microspheres of Oxypentifylline

The objective of this work was to formulate and evaluate a controlled-release Oxypentifylline microspheres that fulfill the requirements for extended release medications using Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS100 as polymeric material. The microsphere were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The effect of process variables such as drug to polymer ratio, stirring rate, and concentration of emulsifier on mean particle size, yield, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release characteristics of microspheres were studied. The prepared microspheres were spherical in shape. The size range varied  from  325.45  to  518.54  µm. The microspheres showed high entrapment efficiency (94.22%) and the release was extended up to 24 hrs. The best microsphere formulation was selected and subjected for in vivo studies which reveal that the bioavailability of the drug increased by more than 3.4 times by formulating it into microspheres. This study  indicated  that  Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS 100 can use successfully to sustain the release of Oxypentifyllin

Controlled Release Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer-Based Microspheres of Oxypentifylline

The objective of this work was to formulate and evaluate a controlled-release Oxypentifylline microspheres that fulfill the requirements for extended release medications using Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS100 as polymeric material. The microsphere were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The effect of process variables such as drug to polymer ratio, stirring rate, and concentration of emulsifier on mean particle size, yield, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release characteristics of microspheres were studied. The prepared microspheres were spherical in shape. The size range varied  from  325.45  to  518.54  µm. The microspheres showed high entrapment efficiency (94.22%) and the release was extended up to 24 hrs. The best microsphere formulation was selected and subjected for in vivo studies which reveal that the bioavailability of the drug increased by more than 3.4 times by formulating it into microspheres. This study  indicated  that  Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS 100 can use successfully to sustain the release of Oxypentifyllin

Time-cost tradeoff model for multiple asphalt paving projects using genetic algorithms

[abstract not available]https://fount.aucegypt.edu/faculty_book_chapters/1379/thumbnail.jp