ハリウッド ノ ジョン･ファウルズ : ｢ニッシ｣ ニ シルサレタ ｢コレクター｣ ト アメリカ

イギリスの作家、ジョン・ファウルズは「魔術師」、「コレクター」、「フランス軍中尉の女」、「ダニエル・マーティン」などの長編小説で知られるが、「木」「難破船」などの写真を付したエッセイ集に加えて、膨大な原稿から編集された「日誌」を最晩年の作品として発表した。「日誌」の記述はフランス文学専攻の大学生時代に始まり、晩年まで至るが、そこに記述された日常の記録は、赤裸々な人間関係から動植物の観察記録、旅行記、絵画、演劇、映画、音楽まで多岐にわたり、ファウルズの精神史の変転を克明に伝えている。1960年代は、ファウルズが第1作「コレクター」を出版し、さらには映画化が企画されたことにより、ハリウッドを訪れ映画制作に携わって帰国するまでのさまざまなエピソードを扱っている。日誌に綴られたイギリス人ファウルズの異国アメリカ、ハリウッドへの眼差しに注目し、作品理解への端緒とすることが研究ノートの目的である

ウチダ ヒャッケン ｢トウキョウ ニッキ｣ ノ シュウジガク : サイレント モード ノ ギオン

昭和18年に雑誌「改造」に掲載された内田百閒の「東京日記」は二十三の小編からなる連作集で、師である夏目漱石の「夢十夜」の影響について論じられることもある作品である。昭和10年代の「帝都東京」周辺を舞台とするこの連作小編では、数々の擬音語、擬態語が駆使され、内田百閒特有の夢幻的な作風を特徴づけている。三島由紀夫も、その解説文で「現代随一の文章家」として内田百閒の創作技法を称揚し、「一節一節の漸層法」に注目している。本稿では、「東京日記」の修辞技法を擬音、擬態語と創作当時のサイレント映画の技法との関連から論究し、三島の言う百閒文学の「洗煉の極、ニュアンスの極」の意味を解明しながら、断片的な小編の集合体とされる作品に新たな批評の視座を生み出すことを目的とする

Economical Wet Extraction of Lipid from labyrinthula Aurantiochytrium limacinum by Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Recently, a simple method for the extraction of lipids from wet biomass using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) without drying, cell disruption, or heating was proposed. Here, the versatility of this method was evaluated for labyrinthula Aurantiochytrium limacinum (A. limacinum). The liquefied DME was passed through the extractor that filled by A. limacinum at different time intervals. The extraction of lipids from A. limacinum of moisture-rich microorganism was successfully achieved, the yield of lipid was 46.1 wt% of the dry weight of the sample. In comparison, the yields of lipid were 21.3 wt%, 43.6 wt% and 50.7 wt% when supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), hexane-Soxhlet and Bligh-Dyer (BD) extraction methods were applied as extractants, respectively. However, the drying and cell-disruption process were required in SCCO2, hexane-Soxhlet, and BD extraction methods

Functional Ingredients Extraction from Garcinia mangostana Pericarp by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp contains rich xanthone, a one kind of the polyphenols in the non-edible portion. In recent years, xanthones have been noted as a functionality such as anti-cancer effect and is expected as pharmaceuticals and health supplements. In this work, extraction of xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by using liquefied DME were investigated. Wet powder and cube samples were used as a raw material. Experimental conditions were 35°C, 0.8 MPa with various amounts of sample (1, 3, 6 g). Extracted components were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a result, it was confirmed that eight kinds of xanthones such as alpha-mangostin, 3-Isomangostin, Mangostanol, 8-Desoxygartanin, Gartanin, Garcinone E, 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone, beta-Mangostin were extracted. The highest yield of alpha-mangostin (42.9 mg/g_dry sample) was obtained with a powder sample of 6 g loaded. Final alpha-magostin corresponded to about 104% of the ethanol extraction with wet mangosteen pericarp, and 72% of the dried sample. Therefore, it was considered that in the extraction of xanthones from the mangosteen, liquefied DME extraction was valid

Laparoscopic Surgery for Acute Diffuse Peritonitis Due to Gastrointestinal Perforation: A Nationwide Epidemiologic Study Using the National Clinical Database

[Background] Elective laparoscopic surgery is now widely accepted in the treatment of abdominal diseases because of its minimal invasiveness and rapid postoperative recovery. It is also used in the emergency setting for the diagnosis and treatment of acute diffuse peritonitis regardless of the causative disease. However, the value of laparoscopy in acute diffuse peritonitis remains unclear. In this study we aimed to show trends in the use of laparoscopy over time and compare the real-world performance of laparoscopic surgery with that of open surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation. [Methods] We extracted data from the National Clinical Database, a nationwide surgery registration system in Japan, for patients with a diagnosis of acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastroduodenal or colorectal perforation between 2016 and 2019. Trends in the use of laparoscopy over time were identified. Patient characteristics, laboratory findings, surgical findings, and postoperative complications were compared between laparoscopic surgery and open surgery. [Results] Patients in poor condition and those with abnormal laboratory findings tended to undergo open surgery. Anesthesia time and operating time were longer for laparoscopic surgery in patients with gastroduodenal perforation but shorter in those with colorectal perforation. Fewer complications occurred in patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The number of institutions where laparoscopic surgery was performed and the proportion of the use of laparoscopy at each institution increased over time. [Conclusion] The use of laparoscopy is becoming common in surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation. This approach may be a useful option for acute diffuse peritonitis

The Roles of Two IκB Kinase-related Kinases in Lipopolysaccharide and Double Stranded RNA Signaling and Viral Infection

Viral infection and stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double stranded RNA (dsRNA) induce phosphorylation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and its translocation to the nucleus, thereby leading to the IFN-β gene induction. Recently, two IκB kinase (IKK)–related kinases, inducible IκB kinase (IKK-i) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), were suggested to act as IRF-3 kinases and be involved in IFN-β production in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and viral infection. In this work, we investigated the physiological roles of these kinases by gene targeting. TBK1-deficient embryonic fibroblasts (EFs) showed dramatic decrease in induction of IFN-β and IFN-inducible genes in response to LPS or dsRNA as well as after viral infection. However, dsRNA-induced expression of these genes was residually detected in TBK1-deficient cells and intact in IKK-i–deficient cells, but completely abolished in IKK-i/TBK1 doubly deficient cells. IRF-3 activation, in response not only to dsRNA but also to viral infection, was impaired in TBK1-deficient cells. Together, these results demonstrate that TBK1 as well as, albeit to a lesser extent, IKK-i play a crucial role in the induction of IFN-β and IFN-inducible genes in both TLR-stimulated and virus-infected EFs