Estimating acreage by double sampling using LANDSAT data

Double sampling techniques employing LANDSAT data for estimating the acreage of corn and soybeans was investigated and evaluated. The evaluation was based on estimated costs and correlations between two existing procedures having differing cost/variance characteristics, and included consideration of their individual merits when coupled with a fictional 'perfect' procedure of zero bias and variance. Two features of the analysis are: (1) the simultaneous estimation of two or more crops; and (2) the imposition of linear cost constraints among two or more types of resource. A reasonably realistic operational scenario was postulated. The costs were estimated from current experience with the measurement procedures involved, and the correlations were estimated from a set of 39 LACIE-type sample segments located in the U.S. Corn Belt. For a fixed variance of the estimate, double sampling with the two existing LANDSAT measurement procedures can result in a 25% or 50% cost reduction. Double sampling which included the fictional perfect procedure results in a more cost effective combination when it is used with the lower cost/higher variance representative of the existing procedures

Investigations in adaptive processing of multispectral data

Adaptive data processing procedures are applied to the problem of classifying objects in a scene scanned by multispectral sensor. These procedures show a performance improvement over standard nonadaptive techniques. Some sources of error in classification are identified and those correctable by adaptive processing are discussed. Experiments in adaptation of signature means by decision-directed methods are described. Some of these methods assume correlation between the trajectories of different signature means; for others this assumption is not made

A Chiral Spin Theory in the Framework of an Invariant Evolution Parameter Formalism

We present a formulation for the construction of first order equations which describe particles with spin, in the context of a manifestly covariant relativistic theory governed by an invariant evolution parameter; one obtains a consistent quantized formalism dealing with off-shell particles with spin. Our basic requirement is that the second order equation in the theory is of the Schr\"{o}dinger-Stueckelberg type, which exhibits features of both the Klein-Gordon and Schr\"{o}dinger equations. This requirement restricts the structure of the first order equation, in particular, to a chiral form. One thus obtains, in a natural way, a theory of chiral form for massive particles, which may contain both left and right chiralities, or just one of them. We observe that by iterating the first order system, we are able to obtain second order forms containing the transverse and longitudinal momentum relative to a time-like vector $t_{\mu}t^{\mu}=-1$ used to maintain covariance of the theory. This time-like vector coincides with the one used by Horwitz, Piron, and Reuse to obtain an invariant positive definite space-time scalar product, which permits the construction of an induced representation for states of a particle with spin. We discuss the currents and continuity equations, and show that these equations of motion and their currents are closely related to the spin and convection parts of the Gordon decomposition of the Dirac current. The transverse and longitudinal aspects of the particle are complementary, and can be treated in a unified manner using a tensor product Hilbert space. Introducing the electromagnetic field we find an equation which gives rise to the correct gyromagnetic ratio, and is fully Hermitian under the proposed scalar product. Finally, we show that the original structure of Dirac'sComment: Latex, 61 pages. Minor revisions. To be published in J. Math. Phy

Subgroup B Adenovirus Type 35 Early Region 3 mRNAs Differ from Those of the Subgroup C Adenoviruses

AbstractAdenovirus type 35 (Ad35) is a member of Ad subgroup B, DNA homology cluster B2. The B2 Ads are unique in that they are isolated most frequently from immunosupressed individuals such as AIDS patients and bone marrow transplant recipients and in that they have a tropism for the urinary tract. One region of the Ad genome which may influence serotype specific pathology is early region 3 (E3). E3 of subgroup C Ad2 and Ad5 has been shown to encode proteins which counteract the immune response to Ad infection. While a great deal is known about gene expression of the subgroup C Ad E3s, little is known about the E3 gene expression from the subgroup B Ads. Although some E3 open reading frames (ORFs) are shared between subgroups B and C, there are additional ORFs that appear in subgroup B. This paper demonstrates the results of an analysis of gene expression from the Ad35 E3 and describes differences in splicing and polyadenylation between the Ad35 and Ad2 E3s. RT–PCR, cDNA sequencing, RNase protection, 3′ RACE, and Northern blotting techniques were utilized to identify, quantify, and determine the structure of six Ad35 E3 mRNAs predicted to encode at least seven proteins. A common intron that is removed during splicing of the subgroup C E3 mRNAs is not removed from Ad35 E3 mRNAs, and only one E3 polyadenylation signal is present in the Ad35 E3 while two polyadenylation signals are used in the formation of subgroup C E3 mRNAs. The quantity of individual mRNAs encoding homologous proteins for Ad35 and Ad2 also differ substantially, presumably because of the absence in Ad35 ofcis-acting signals which have been shown to be important for regulation of Ad2 E3 pre-mRNA processing. Such information should contribute to an understanding of the role the E3 plays in determining subgroup B Ad pathogenesis in general and Ad35 pathogenesis in particular

Chemical Measurement and Fluctuation Scaling

Main abstract: Fluctuation scaling reports on all processes producing a data set. Some fluctuation scaling relationships, such as the Horwitz curve, follow exponential dispersion models which have useful properties. The mean-variance method applied to Poisson distributed data is a special case of these properties allowing the gain of a system to be measured. Here, a general method is described for investigating gain (G), dispersion (β), and process (α) in any system whose fluctuation scaling follows a simple exponential dispersion model, a segmented exponential dispersion model, or complex scaling following such a model locally. When gain and dispersion cannot be obtained directly, relative parameters, GR and βR, may be used. The method was demonstrated on data sets conforming to simple, segmented, and complex scaling. These included mass, fluorescence intensity, and absorbance measurements and specifications for classes of calibration weights. Changes in gain, dispersion, and process were observed in the scaling of these data sets in response to instrument parameters, photon fluxes, mathematical processing, and calibration weight class. The process parameter which limits the type of statistical process that can be invoked to explain a data set typically exhibited 04 possible. With two exceptions, calibration weight class definitions only affected β. Adjusting photomultiplier voltage while measuring fluorescence intensity changed all three parameters (0<α<0.8; 0<βR<3; 0<GR<4.1). The method provides a framework for calibrating and interpreting uncertainty in chemical measurement allowing robust compar ison of specific instruments, conditions, and methods. Supporting information abstract: On first inspection, fluctuation scaling data may appear to approximate a straight line when log transformed. The data presented in figure 5 of the main text gives a reasonable approximation to a straight line and for many purposes this would be sufficient. The purpose of the study of fluorescence intensity was to determine whether adjusting the voltage of a photomultiplier tube while measuring a fluorescent sample changes the process (α), the dispersion (β) and/or the gain (G). In this regard, the linear model established that PMT setting affects more than the gain. However, a detailed analysis beginning with testing for model mis-specification provides additional information. Specifically, Poisson behavior is only seen over a limited wavelength range in the 600 V and 700 V data sets

On the Green-Functions of the classical offshell electrodynamics under the manifestly covariant relativistic dynamics of Stueckelberg

In previous paper derivations of the Green function have been given for 5D off-shell electrodynamics in the framework of the manifestly covariant relativistic dynamics of Stueckelberg (with invariant evolution parameter $\tau$). In this paper, we reconcile these derivations resulting in different explicit forms, and relate our results to the conventional fundamental solutions of linear 5D wave equations published in the mathematical literature. We give physical arguments for the choice of the Green function retarded in the fifth variable $\tau$.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figur

Galilean limit of equilibrium relativistic mass distribution for indistinguishable events

The relativistic distribution for indistinguishable events is considered in the mass-shell limit $m^2\cong M^2,$ where $M$ is a given intrinsic property of the events. The characteristic thermodynamic quantities are calculated and subject to the zero-mass and the high-temperature limits. The results are shown to be in agreement with the corresponding expressions of an on-mass-shell relativistic kinetic theory. The Galilean limit $c\rightarrow \infty ,$ which coincides in form with the low-temperature limit, is considered. The theory is shown to pass over to a nonrelativistic statistical mechanics of indistinguishable particles.Comment: Report TAUP-2136-9

A RIAM/lamellipodin-talin-integrin complex forms the tip of sticky fingers that guide cell migration.

The leading edge of migrating cells contains rapidly translocating activated integrins associated with growing actin filaments that form 'sticky fingers' to sense extracellular matrix and guide cell migration. Here we utilized indirect bimolecular fluorescence complementation to visualize a molecular complex containing a Mig-10/RIAM/lamellipodin (MRL) protein (Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) or lamellipodin), talin and activated integrins in living cells. This complex localizes at the tips of growing actin filaments in lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions, thus corresponding to the tips of the 'sticky fingers.' Formation of the complex requires talin to form a bridge between the MRL protein and the integrins. Moreover, disruption of the MRL protein-integrin-talin (MIT) complex markedly impairs cell protrusion. These data reveal the molecular basis of the formation of 'sticky fingers' at the leading edge of migrating cells and show that an MIT complex drives these protrusions

Towards a Realistic Equation of State of Strongly Interacting Matter

We consider a relativistic strongly interacting Bose gas. The interaction is manifested in the off-shellness of the equilibrium distribution. The equation of state that we obtain for such a gas has the properties of a realistic equation of state of strongly interacting matter, i.e., at low temperature it agrees with the one suggested by Shuryak for hadronic matter, while at high temperature it represents the equation of state of an ideal ultrarelativistic Stefan-Boltzmann gas, implying a phase transition to an effectively weakly interacting phase.Comment: LaTeX, figures not include