Intersecting Shock-Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions at Mach 8.3

Experimental data for two three-dimensional intersecting shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction flows at Mach 8.3 are presented. The test bodies, composed of two sharp fins fastened to a flat-plate test bed, were designed to generate flows with varying degrees of pressure gradient, boundary-layer separation, and turning angle. The data include surface pressure and heat transfer distributions as well as mean flow-field surveys both in the undisturbed and interaction regimes. The data are presented in a convenient form to be used to validate existing or future computational models of these hypersonic flows. The data are also on a 3.5-inch diskette included and are available through E-mail

An experimental documentation of pressure gradient and Reynolds number effects on compressible turbulent boundary layers

Attached supersonic turbulent boundary layers, with a wide range of adverse pressure gradient strengths, are investigated for Reynolds numbers from 11.7 x 1 million to 314 x 1 million. Surface pressure and surface shear measurements were obtained for six flow fields over the entire Reynolds number range. In addition, two flow fields - one with a moderate pressure gradient and the other with a severe pressure gradient - are thoroughly documented at a single Reynolds number. This experimental documentation includes both mean and fluctuating profiles throughout the flow field, and is sufficient to define the complete flow field, including the upstream undisturbed flow region

The Effect of Music Listening on Anxiety and Agitation in Adult Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review

Mechanical ventilation causes anxiety and agitation in patients in intensive care units, which increases risk for complications and prolonged hospital stays. Since pharmacological interventions have adverse effects and are not always effective at reducing anxiety and agitation, nonpharmacological interventions, such as music listening, could be considered. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify, review, and critically appraise the evidence from studies that examined the effect of music listening, compared with standard care, on anxiety and agitation in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Using search engines, data bases, key words, and criteria, twenty studies are discussed and critically appraised. Findings consistently show that music listening may be a cost effective and alternative therapy to decrease anxiety and agitation in this population. Based on appraisal of study validity, reliability, and applicability, recommendations for practice and future research are advanced

Exploring the bio-geomorphological evolution of mega nourishments with a cellular automata model

Mega nourishments are innovative Nature-based Solutions to protect against coastal erosion and flooding. By upscaling the volume of sand nourishments, mega nourishments enhance coastal safety while creating new space for recreation and nature development. The application of such large nourishment volumes can significantly alter natural beach-dune morphology, with an unclear effect on the long-term evolution of the beach-dune system. The DuBeVeg model, a bio-geomorphological Cellular Automata model, was extended to incorporate the typical surface armouring and longshore coastline development of mega nourishments. The extended model was successfully validated with morphodynamic data from the Sand Motor mega nourishment and was used to explore the long-term dune development of idealized bell-shaped mega nourishments. Over a 50-year time span, the typically artificially high and wide beach of a mega nourishment resulted in the seaward expansion of the foredune zone whilst a more natural, lower beach elevation resulted in a greater volume of the foredune zone in the long-term. A faster diffusion of the initially bell-shaped mega nourishment gave rise to a lesser advance and a more alongshore-uniform width of the foredune zone. Furthermore, the armour layer that develops when the nourishment material is less well-sorted and coarser than native beach sand, led to the emergence of more scattered and isolated dunes compared to a nourishment with native beach sand. These model results show potential for investigations into design optimisation of the subaerial development of Nature-based Solutions for sandy coasts

Current and Near-Term Future Measurements of the Orbital Debris Environment at NASA

The NASA Orbital Debris Program Office places great emphasis on obtaining and understanding direct measurements of the orbital debris environment. The Orbital Debris Program Office's environmental models are all based on these measurements. Because OD measurements must cover a very wide range of sizes and altitudes, one technique realistically cannot be used for all measurements. In general, radar measurements have been used for lower altitudes and optical measurements for higher altitude orbits. For very small debris, in situ measurements such as returned spacecraft surfaces are utilized. In addition to receiving information from large debris (> 5-10 cm diameter) from the U.S. Space Surveillance Network, NASA conducts statistical measurements of the debris population for smaller sizes. NASA collects data from the Haystack and Goldstone radars for debris in low Earth orbit as small as 2- 4 mm diameter and from the Michigan Orbital DEbris Survey Telescope for debris near geosynchronous orbit altitude for sizes as small as 30-60 cm diameter. NASA is also currently examining the radiator panel of the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 which was exposed to space for 16 years and was recently returned to Earth during the STS- 125 Space Shuttle mission. This paper will give an overview of these on-going measurement programs at NASA as well as discuss progress and plans for new instruments and techniques in the near future