Oral and written aspects of the emergence of the Gospel of Mark as scripture

How the Gospels, particularly the Gospel of Mark, came to be included in the Scriptures of established Christianity offers a striking example. On the earlier Christian theological assumption that Christianity as the religion of the Gospel made a dramatic break with Judaism as the religion of the Law, one of the principal questions was how the Christian church came to include the Jewish Scriptures in its Bible. We now see much more clearly the continuity of what became Christianity with Israel. The Gospels, especially Matthew and Mark, portray Jesus as engaged in a renewal of Israel. The Gospel of Matthew is now generally seen as addressed to communities of Israel, not "Gentiles" (Saldarini 1994). And while Mark was formerly taken as addressed to a "Gentile" community in Rome, it is increasingly taken as addressed to communities in Syria that understand themselves as the renewal of Israel (Horsley 2001).Issue title: Oral Tradition in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Early Christian movements: Jesus movements and the renewal of Israel

This article investigates the origins and development of the earliest Jesus movements within the context of persistent conflict between the Judean and Galilean peasantry and their Jerusalem and Roman rulers. It explores the prominence of popular prophetic and messianic movements and shows how the earliest movements that formed in response to Jesus’ mission exhibit similar features and patterns. Jesus is not treated as separate from social roles and political-economic relationships. Viewing Jesus against the background of village communities in which people lived, the Gospels are understood as genuine communication with other people in historical social contexts. The article argues that the net effect of these interrelated factors of theologically determined New Testament interpretation is a combination of assumptions and procedures that would be unacceptable in the regular investigation of history. Another version of the essay was published in Horsley, Richard A (ed), A people’s history of Christianity, Volume 1: Christian origins, 23-46. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress

Cover crop and conidia delivery system impacts on soil persistence of \u3ci\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/i\u3e (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in sugarbeet

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is a major North American pest of sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L. Previous research suggests that moderate T. myopaeformis control is possible with the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. We conducted a three-year (2002‒2004) experiment to assess impacts of oat, Avena sativa L. and rye, Secale cereale L., cover crops on persistence of corn grit-based granular or spray formulations of M. anisopliae isolate ATCC 62176 (i.e. MA 1200) applied at 8 x 1012 viable conidia/ha in sugarbeet. More colony forming units (CFUs) were detected immediately after application [0 days after treatment (DAT)] in spray plots than granule-treated plots. However, 76‒92% declines in CFUs per gram of soil occurred in spray plots within 30 DAT. Substantially (i.e. 83‒560%) more rainfall occurred in June 2002 than during June of any other year. Subsequently, 71‒670% increases in CFU concentrations occurred by 60 DAT in M. anisopliae granuletreated plots with oat or rye cover crops that year. CFU density increases were higher in cover crops in 2002, but no significant cover crop effects were detected. Conidia persisted for up to 30 DAT in M. anisopliae spray plots and 60 DAT in granule-treated plots in 2002; however, no increases occurred in the years with less June rainfall. Trends suggest that M. anisopliae aqueous sprays result in greater conidia concentrations than granules at sugarbeet plant bases in June during T. myopaeformis oviposition and larval establishment on host plants. Increases are possible when delivering conidia via granules, but high post-application rainfall could be necessary for conidia production

Agronomic Characteristics, Malt Quality, and Disease Resistance of Barley Germplasm Lines with Partial Fusarium Head Blight Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has caused devastating losses in both yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the northern Great Plains from 1993 to 2003. Thirty-five barley germplasmlines with partial resistance to FHB have been identified in exotic and unadapted germplasm lines. Little is known about their agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and reaction to other diseases as compared to adapted cultivars. This information is needed so barley breeders can make informed decisions when planning crosses involving the resistant germplasm lines. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance, malt quality, and disease reaction of barley germplasm lines with partial FHB resistance to cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains. Agronomic and malting data were collected on the 35 germplasm lines and five check cultivars grown in five environments in North Dakota from 1998 to 2000. Data for FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON, a mycotoxin produced by F. graminearum) accumulation were obtained for the same 40 entries grown in FHB-epidemic nurseries in North Dakota from 1997 to 1999. Seedling responses to foliar pathogens common in the northern Great Plains were determined in the greenhouse during fall 1997. None of the FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines had acceptable malt quality for all traits. Kernel plumpness, grain protein concentration, and malt extract were the traits impacted most severely. The FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines headed significantly later than the adapted barley cultivars. Most FHB-resistant germplasm lines were susceptible to the common foliar diseases of the northern Great Plains. At least four cycles of breeding will probably be necessary to develop FHB-resistant germplasm lines acceptable to producers and the malting and brewing industry

SMART arm with outcome-triggered electrical stimulation: a pilot randomized clinical trial

Background: The SMART (SensoriMotor Active Rehabilitation Training) Arm is a nonrobotic device designed to allow stroke survivors with severe paresis to practice reaching. It can be used with or without outcome-triggered electrical stimulation (OT-stim) to augment movement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SMART Arm training when used with or without OT-stim, in addition to usual care, as compared with usual care alone during inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: Eight stroke survivors received 20 hours of SMART Arm training over 4 weeks; they were randomly assigned to either (1) SMART Arm training with OT-stim or (2) SMART Arm training alone. Usual therapy was also provided. A historical cohort of 20 stroke survivors formed the control group and received only usual therapy. The primary outcome was Motor Assessment Scale Item 6, Upper Arm Function. Results: Findings for all participants were comparable at baseline. SMART Arm training, with or without OT-stim, led to a significantly greater improvement in upper arm function than usual therapy alone (P=.024). There was no difference in improvement between training with or without OT-stim. Initial motor severity and presence of OT-stim influenced the number of repetitions performed and the progression of SMART Arm training practice conditions. Conclusion: Usual therapy in combination with SMART Arm training, with or without OT-stim, appears to be more effective than usual therapy alone for stroke survivors with severe paresis. These findings warrant further investigation into the benefits of SMART Arm training for stroke survivors with severe paresis undergoing inpatient rehabilitation during the subacute phase of recovery

Fabrication of a Large, Ordered, Three-Dimensional Nanocup Array

Metallic nanocups provide a unique method for redirecting scattered light by creating magnetic plasmon responses at optical frequencies. Despite considerable development of nanocup fabrication processes, simultaneously achieving accurate control over the placement, orientation, and geometry of nanocups has remained a significant challenge. Here we present a technique for fabricating large, periodically ordered arrays of uniformly oriented three-dimensional gold nanocups for manipulating light at subwavelength scales. Nanoimprint lithography, soft lithography, and shadow evaporation were used to fabricate nanocups onto the tips of polydimethylsiloxane nanopillars with precise control over the shapes and optical properties of asymmetric nanocups

Agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and disease resistance of barley germplasm lines with partial Fusarium head blight resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has caused devastating losses in both yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the northern Great Plains from 1993 to 2003. Thirty-five barley germplasm lines with partial resistance to FHB have been identified in exotic and unadapted germplasm lines. Little is known about their agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and reaction to other diseases as compared to adapted cultivars. This information is needed so barley breeders can make informed decisions when planning crosses involving the resistant germplasm lines. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance, malt quality, and disease reaction of barley germplasm lines with partial FHB resistance to cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains. Agronomic and malting data were collected on the 35 germplasm lines and five check cultivars grown in five environments in North Dakota from 1998 to 2000. Data for FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON, a mycotoxin produced by F. graminearum) accumulation were obtained for the same 40 entries grown in FHB-epidemic nurseries in North Dakota from 1997 to 1999. Seedling responses to foliar pathogens common in the northern Great Plains were determined in the greenhouse during fall 1997. None of the FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines had acceptable malt quality for all traits. Kernel plumpness, grain protein concentration, and malt extract were the traits impacted most severely. The FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines headed significantly later than the adapted barley cultivars. Most FHB-resistant germplasm lines were susceptible to the common foliar diseases of the northern Great Plains. At least four cycles of breeding will probably be necessary to develop FHB-resistant germplasm lines acceptable to producers and the malting and brewing industry

Cover crop and conidia delivery system impacts on soil persistence of \u3ci\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/i\u3e (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in sugarbeet

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is a major North American pest of sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L. Previous research suggests that moderate T. myopaeformis control is possible with the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. We conducted a three-year (2002‒2004) experiment to assess impacts of oat, Avena sativa L. and rye, Secale cereale L., cover crops on persistence of corn grit-based granular or spray formulations of M. anisopliae isolate ATCC 62176 (i.e. MA 1200) applied at 8 x 1012 viable conidia/ha in sugarbeet. More colony forming units (CFUs) were detected immediately after application [0 days after treatment (DAT)] in spray plots than granule-treated plots. However, 76‒92% declines in CFUs per gram of soil occurred in spray plots within 30 DAT. Substantially (i.e. 83‒560%) more rainfall occurred in June 2002 than during June of any other year. Subsequently, 71‒670% increases in CFU concentrations occurred by 60 DAT in M. anisopliae granuletreated plots with oat or rye cover crops that year. CFU density increases were higher in cover crops in 2002, but no significant cover crop effects were detected. Conidia persisted for up to 30 DAT in M. anisopliae spray plots and 60 DAT in granule-treated plots in 2002; however, no increases occurred in the years with less June rainfall. Trends suggest that M. anisopliae aqueous sprays result in greater conidia concentrations than granules at sugarbeet plant bases in June during T. myopaeformis oviposition and larval establishment on host plants. Increases are possible when delivering conidia via granules, but high post-application rainfall could be necessary for conidia production

FielDHub: A shiny app for design of experiments in life sciences

FielDHub is an R Shiny design of experiments (DOE) app that aids in the creation of traditional, unreplicated, augmented and partially-replicated (Cullis et al., 2006) designs applied to agriculture, plant breeding, forestry, animal and biological sciences. One of the problems that life scientists often face is the lack of freely available and user-friendly interactive tools to create designs that fit their needs. A few open-source DOE R packages options exist including agricolae (de Mendiburu & Yaseen, 2020) and blocksdesign (Edmondson, 2021), but they require users to be familiar with the R programming language and do not have a graphical user interface (GUI)