Oral and written aspects of the emergence of the Gospel of Mark as scripture

How the Gospels, particularly the Gospel of Mark, came to be included in the Scriptures of established Christianity offers a striking example. On the earlier Christian theological assumption that Christianity as the religion of the Gospel made a dramatic break with Judaism as the religion of the Law, one of the principal questions was how the Christian church came to include the Jewish Scriptures in its Bible. We now see much more clearly the continuity of what became Christianity with Israel. The Gospels, especially Matthew and Mark, portray Jesus as engaged in a renewal of Israel. The Gospel of Matthew is now generally seen as addressed to communities of Israel, not "Gentiles" (Saldarini 1994). And while Mark was formerly taken as addressed to a "Gentile" community in Rome, it is increasingly taken as addressed to communities in Syria that understand themselves as the renewal of Israel (Horsley 2001).Issue title: Oral Tradition in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Early Christian movements: Jesus movements and the renewal of Israel

This article investigates the origins and development of the earliest Jesus movements within the context of persistent conflict between the Judean and Galilean peasantry and their Jerusalem and Roman rulers. It explores the prominence of popular prophetic and messianic movements and shows how the earliest movements that formed in response to Jesus’ mission exhibit similar features and patterns. Jesus is not treated as separate from social roles and political-economic relationships. Viewing Jesus against the background of village communities in which people lived, the Gospels are understood as genuine communication with other people in historical social contexts. The article argues that the net effect of these interrelated factors of theologically determined New Testament interpretation is a combination of assumptions and procedures that would be unacceptable in the regular investigation of history. Another version of the essay was published in Horsley, Richard A (ed), A people’s history of Christianity, Volume 1: Christian origins, 23-46. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress

Cover crop and conidia delivery system impacts on soil persistence of \u3ci\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/i\u3e (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in sugarbeet

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is a major North American pest of sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L. Previous research suggests that moderate T. myopaeformis control is possible with the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. We conducted a three-year (2002‒2004) experiment to assess impacts of oat, Avena sativa L. and rye, Secale cereale L., cover crops on persistence of corn grit-based granular or spray formulations of M. anisopliae isolate ATCC 62176 (i.e. MA 1200) applied at 8 x 1012 viable conidia/ha in sugarbeet. More colony forming units (CFUs) were detected immediately after application [0 days after treatment (DAT)] in spray plots than granule-treated plots. However, 76‒92% declines in CFUs per gram of soil occurred in spray plots within 30 DAT. Substantially (i.e. 83‒560%) more rainfall occurred in June 2002 than during June of any other year. Subsequently, 71‒670% increases in CFU concentrations occurred by 60 DAT in M. anisopliae granuletreated plots with oat or rye cover crops that year. CFU density increases were higher in cover crops in 2002, but no significant cover crop effects were detected. Conidia persisted for up to 30 DAT in M. anisopliae spray plots and 60 DAT in granule-treated plots in 2002; however, no increases occurred in the years with less June rainfall. Trends suggest that M. anisopliae aqueous sprays result in greater conidia concentrations than granules at sugarbeet plant bases in June during T. myopaeformis oviposition and larval establishment on host plants. Increases are possible when delivering conidia via granules, but high post-application rainfall could be necessary for conidia production

Agronomic Characteristics, Malt Quality, and Disease Resistance of Barley Germplasm Lines with Partial Fusarium Head Blight Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has caused devastating losses in both yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the northern Great Plains from 1993 to 2003. Thirty-five barley germplasmlines with partial resistance to FHB have been identified in exotic and unadapted germplasm lines. Little is known about their agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and reaction to other diseases as compared to adapted cultivars. This information is needed so barley breeders can make informed decisions when planning crosses involving the resistant germplasm lines. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance, malt quality, and disease reaction of barley germplasm lines with partial FHB resistance to cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains. Agronomic and malting data were collected on the 35 germplasm lines and five check cultivars grown in five environments in North Dakota from 1998 to 2000. Data for FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON, a mycotoxin produced by F. graminearum) accumulation were obtained for the same 40 entries grown in FHB-epidemic nurseries in North Dakota from 1997 to 1999. Seedling responses to foliar pathogens common in the northern Great Plains were determined in the greenhouse during fall 1997. None of the FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines had acceptable malt quality for all traits. Kernel plumpness, grain protein concentration, and malt extract were the traits impacted most severely. The FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines headed significantly later than the adapted barley cultivars. Most FHB-resistant germplasm lines were susceptible to the common foliar diseases of the northern Great Plains. At least four cycles of breeding will probably be necessary to develop FHB-resistant germplasm lines acceptable to producers and the malting and brewing industry

Heritability of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation from Barley Accession CIho 4196

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph Gibberella zea (Schwein)], has caused devastating losses to yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the upper U.S. Midwest from 1993 to 2000. Design of an efficient breeding strategy for developing FHB resistant cultivars is dependent on knowing (i) the heritability of FHB resistance and accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin contaminant produced by F. graminearum and (ii) the correlated response of other traits during selection for reduced FHB. We conducted field studies in FHB disease nurseries using F4:5 and F4:6 families from the cross between the FHB susceptible six-rowed cultivar Foster and the resistant two-rowed accession CIho 4196 to gain knowledge in the areas listed above. Heritability of FHB severity and DON accumulation was 0.65 and 0.46, respectively. A moderately strong positive association between FHB severity and DON accumulation was observed (r = 0.62). FHB severity and DON accumulation were negatively associated with plant height, days to heading, spike angle, and spike density. The selection differentials calculated between the top F4:6 families selected for low FHB severity and the unselected F4:5 families were moderately high for FHB severity, DON accumulation, and days to heading. Less than 14% of the selected lines had six-rowed spikes. No difference in plant height was observed between the selected and unselected families. Thus, development of FHB resistant lines with acceptable DON accumulation and days to heading is obtainable. However, because no lines were as short as Foster, development of FHB resistant plants with acceptable plant height from a cross using CIho 4196 as a parent will be difficult

SMART arm with outcome-triggered electrical stimulation: a pilot randomized clinical trial

Background: The SMART (SensoriMotor Active Rehabilitation Training) Arm is a nonrobotic device designed to allow stroke survivors with severe paresis to practice reaching. It can be used with or without outcome-triggered electrical stimulation (OT-stim) to augment movement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of SMART Arm training when used with or without OT-stim, in addition to usual care, as compared with usual care alone during inpatient rehabilitation. Methods: Eight stroke survivors received 20 hours of SMART Arm training over 4 weeks; they were randomly assigned to either (1) SMART Arm training with OT-stim or (2) SMART Arm training alone. Usual therapy was also provided. A historical cohort of 20 stroke survivors formed the control group and received only usual therapy. The primary outcome was Motor Assessment Scale Item 6, Upper Arm Function. Results: Findings for all participants were comparable at baseline. SMART Arm training, with or without OT-stim, led to a significantly greater improvement in upper arm function than usual therapy alone (P=.024). There was no difference in improvement between training with or without OT-stim. Initial motor severity and presence of OT-stim influenced the number of repetitions performed and the progression of SMART Arm training practice conditions. Conclusion: Usual therapy in combination with SMART Arm training, with or without OT-stim, appears to be more effective than usual therapy alone for stroke survivors with severe paresis. These findings warrant further investigation into the benefits of SMART Arm training for stroke survivors with severe paresis undergoing inpatient rehabilitation during the subacute phase of recovery

Fabrication of a Large, Ordered, Three-Dimensional Nanocup Array

Metallic nanocups provide a unique method for redirecting scattered light by creating magnetic plasmon responses at optical frequencies. Despite considerable development of nanocup fabrication processes, simultaneously achieving accurate control over the placement, orientation, and geometry of nanocups has remained a significant challenge. Here we present a technique for fabricating large, periodically ordered arrays of uniformly oriented three-dimensional gold nanocups for manipulating light at subwavelength scales. Nanoimprint lithography, soft lithography, and shadow evaporation were used to fabricate nanocups onto the tips of polydimethylsiloxane nanopillars with precise control over the shapes and optical properties of asymmetric nanocups

Agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and disease resistance of barley germplasm lines with partial Fusarium head blight resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has caused devastating losses in both yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced in the northern Great Plains from 1993 to 2003. Thirty-five barley germplasm lines with partial resistance to FHB have been identified in exotic and unadapted germplasm lines. Little is known about their agronomic characteristics, malt quality, and reaction to other diseases as compared to adapted cultivars. This information is needed so barley breeders can make informed decisions when planning crosses involving the resistant germplasm lines. The objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance, malt quality, and disease reaction of barley germplasm lines with partial FHB resistance to cultivars grown in the northern Great Plains. Agronomic and malting data were collected on the 35 germplasm lines and five check cultivars grown in five environments in North Dakota from 1998 to 2000. Data for FHB severity and deoxynivalenol (DON, a mycotoxin produced by F. graminearum) accumulation were obtained for the same 40 entries grown in FHB-epidemic nurseries in North Dakota from 1997 to 1999. Seedling responses to foliar pathogens common in the northern Great Plains were determined in the greenhouse during fall 1997. None of the FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines had acceptable malt quality for all traits. Kernel plumpness, grain protein concentration, and malt extract were the traits impacted most severely. The FHB-resistant barley germplasm lines headed significantly later than the adapted barley cultivars. Most FHB-resistant germplasm lines were susceptible to the common foliar diseases of the northern Great Plains. At least four cycles of breeding will probably be necessary to develop FHB-resistant germplasm lines acceptable to producers and the malting and brewing industry

Cover crop and conidia delivery system impacts on soil persistence of \u3ci\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/i\u3e (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in sugarbeet

The sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is a major North American pest of sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L. Previous research suggests that moderate T. myopaeformis control is possible with the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. We conducted a three-year (2002‒2004) experiment to assess impacts of oat, Avena sativa L. and rye, Secale cereale L., cover crops on persistence of corn grit-based granular or spray formulations of M. anisopliae isolate ATCC 62176 (i.e. MA 1200) applied at 8 x 1012 viable conidia/ha in sugarbeet. More colony forming units (CFUs) were detected immediately after application [0 days after treatment (DAT)] in spray plots than granule-treated plots. However, 76‒92% declines in CFUs per gram of soil occurred in spray plots within 30 DAT. Substantially (i.e. 83‒560%) more rainfall occurred in June 2002 than during June of any other year. Subsequently, 71‒670% increases in CFU concentrations occurred by 60 DAT in M. anisopliae granuletreated plots with oat or rye cover crops that year. CFU density increases were higher in cover crops in 2002, but no significant cover crop effects were detected. Conidia persisted for up to 30 DAT in M. anisopliae spray plots and 60 DAT in granule-treated plots in 2002; however, no increases occurred in the years with less June rainfall. Trends suggest that M. anisopliae aqueous sprays result in greater conidia concentrations than granules at sugarbeet plant bases in June during T. myopaeformis oviposition and larval establishment on host plants. Increases are possible when delivering conidia via granules, but high post-application rainfall could be necessary for conidia production

Identification of QTLs Associated with Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Barley Accession CIho 4196

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zea (Schwein)], reduces quality of harvested barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) because of blighted kernels and the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by the pathogen. CIho 4196, a two-rowed type, is one of the most resistant accessions known in barley; however, it possesses many undesirable agronomic traits. To better understand the genetics of reduced FHB severity and DON accumulation conferred by CIho 4196, a genetic map was generated using a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Foster (a six-rowed malting cultivar) and CIho 4196. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were performed using data obtained from 10 field environments. The possible associations of resistance QTLs and various agronomic and morphological traits in barley also were investigated. The centromeric region of chromosome 2H flanked by the markers ABG461C and MWG882A (bins 6–10) likely (P\u3c0.001) contains two QTLs contributing to lower FHB severity and plant height, and one QTL each for DON accumulation, days to heading, and rachis node number. The QTL for low FHB severity in the bin 8 region explained from 3 to 9% of the variation, while the QTL in the bin 10 region explained from 17 to 60% of the variation. A QTL for DON accumulation that explained 9 to 14% of the variation was found in the bin 2 region of chromosome 4H. This may represent a new QTL not present in other FHB resistant sources. Resistance QTLs in the bin 8 region and bin 10 region of chromosome 2HL were provisionally designated Qrgz-2H-8 and Qrgz-2H-10, respectively. The QTL for DON accumulation in chromosome 4H was provisionally named QDON-4H-2