Arsenic and other heavy metals in Utah Lake and its tributaries

A recent study (Ferreira 2013) examined concentrations of fluvial As and other heavy metals in Provo and American Fork Rivers, which flow westward across the Wasatch Range and heavily-populated Utah Valley to drain into Utah Lake. Within Utah Valley average fluvial As for Provo River (As = 0.342 mg/L) and American Fork River (As = 0.152 mg/L) exceeded the EPA standards for freshwater streams for acute exposure (As = 0.340 mg/L) and chronic exposure (As = 0.150 mg/L), respectively, which are not unusual for rivers affected by mine tailings. The objective of this study is to measure fluvial As and other heavy metals in Utah Lake itself, as well as in Hobble Creek and Spanish Fork River, the two other tributaries that cross the Wasatch Range to drain into Utah Lake. Both filtered and unfiltered water samples are being collected at 20 sites beneath the ice on Utah Lake and will be re-collected at the beginning of the spring overturn. Similar water samples are also being collected at 40 sites each on Hobble Creek and Spanish Fork River. Dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature and electrical conductivity are being measured on-site. Concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and sulfate will be measured using the Hach DR-2700 Spectrophotometer. The Optima 8000 ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometer) will be used to measure concentrations of As and associated elements Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti and Zn. Results will be reported at the meeting

A systematic approach to context-mapping to prepare for health interventions: development and validation of the SETTING-tool in four countries

Effectiveness of health interventions can be substantially impaired by implementation failure. Context-driven implementation strategies are critical for successful implementation. However, there is no practical, evidence-based guidance on how to map the context in order to design context-driven strategies. Therefore, this practice paper describes the development and validation of a systematic context-mapping tool. The tool was cocreated with local end-users through a multistage approach. As proof of concept, the tool was used to map beliefs and behaviour related to chronic respiratory disease within the FRESH AIR project in Uganda, Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam and Greece. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated using the modified Conceptual Framework for Implementation Fidelity. Effectiveness was assessed by the degree to which context-driven adjustments were made to implementation strategies of FRESH AIR health interventions. The resulting Setting-Exploration-Treasure-Trail-to-Inform-implementatioN-strateGies (SETTING-tool) consisted of six steps: (1) Coset study priorities with local stakeholders, (2) Combine a qualitative rapid assessment with a quantitative survey (a mixed-method design), (3) Use context-sensitive materials, (4) Collect data involving community researchers, (5) Analyse pragmatically and/or in-depth to ensure timely communication of findings and (6) Continuously disseminate findings to relevant stakeholders. Use of the tool proved highly feasible, acceptable and effective in each setting. To conclude, the SETTING-tool is validated to systematically map local contexts for (lung) health interventions in diverse low-resource settings. It can support policy-makers, non-governmental organisations and health workers in the design of context-driven implementation strategies. This can reduce the risk of implementation failure and the waste of resource potential. Ultimately, this could improve health outcomes