The Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures of a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe

Ultra-light scalar fields and their non-interacting class, the so-called fuzzy dark matter (FDM), are candidates for dark matter, introduced to solve the small-scale problems of the standard cold dark matter. In this paper, we address whether the small-scale effects, specifically the quantum pressure, could leave sizable imprints on the large-scale statistics of the matter. For this purpose, We utilize the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures (EFT of LSS) wherein small-scale physics is integrated and represented on large scales by only a set of free parameters. These parameters can be determined by fitting to the cosmological simulations. We use the \textit{Gadget-2} code to study the evolution of $512^3$ particles in a box of side length $250\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$. Fitting EFT predictions to the simulation data, we determine the value of the speed of sound. We use the suppressed FDM initial conditions for the FDM case, sufficient to produce accurate -- enough for our purpose -- results on large scales. We perform three FDM simulations with different masses and compare their sound speed with the standard cold dark matter (CDM) simulation. We found that the FDM sound speed is slightly higher than CDM's. The deviation of the sound speed for FDM from CDM is larger for lower FDM masses. We conclude that the impact of the FDM is not limited to the small scales alone, and we can search for them by studying the matter on large scales. Though it is beyond the observations' scope today, it is possible to discriminate it with upcoming observations.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures and 1 tabl

Rare Events Are Nonperturbative: Primordial Black Holes From Heavy-Tailed Distributions

In recent years it has been noted that the perturbative treatment of the statistics of fluctuations may fail to make correct predictions for the abundance of primordial black holes (PBHs). Moreover, it has been shown in some explicit single-field examples that the nonperturbative effects may lead to an exponential tail for the probability distribution function (PDF) of fluctuations responsible for PBH formation -- in contrast to the PDF being Gaussian, as suggested by perturbation theory. In this paper, we advocate that the so-called $\delta N$ formalism can be considered as a simple, yet effective, tool for the nonperturbative estimate of the tail of the PDF. We discuss the criteria a model needs to satisfy so that the results of the classical $\delta N$ formalism can be trusted and most possible complications due to the quantum nature of fluctuations can be avoided. As a proof of concept, we then apply this method to a simple example and show that the tail of the PDF can be even {\it heavier} than exponential, leading to a significant enhancement of the PBH formation probability, compared with the predictions of the perturbation theory. Our results, along with other related findings, motivate the invention of new, nonperturbative methods for the problem and open up new ideas on generating PBHs with notable abundance.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, V2: matches the published versio

Tail diversity from inflation

The tail of the distribution of primordial fluctuations (corresponding to the likelihood of realization of large fluctuations) is of interest, from both theoretical and observational perspectives. In particular, it is relevant for the accurate evaluation of the primordial black hole (PBH) abundance. In this paper, we first analyze the non-perturbative $\delta N$ formalism as a method to non-perturbatively estimate the probability distribution function (PDF) of primordial fluctuations, discuss its underlying assumptions and deal with several subtleties that may arise as a result of considering large fluctuations. Next, we employ the method to study several non-attractor single-field inflationary models as the simplest examples that may lead to the abundant production of PBHs. We conclude that the Gaussian extrapolation from linear perturbation theory may fail drastically to predict the likelihood of large fluctuations. Specifically, we show that a truncation of the tail, a power-law tail, a double-exponential tail, and a doubly peaked distribution can all be realized for the curvature perturbation in the single-field non-attractor models of inflation. We thus show that there is a diverse zoo of possible tails from inflation so that a model-dependent, non-perturbative study of the distribution of the primordial fluctuations seems inevitable concerning PBH abundance.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, 3 table

The Effective Field Theory of Large-scale Structures of a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe

Ultralight scalar fields and their noninteracting class, i.e., the so-called fuzzy dark matter (FDM), are dark matter candidates introduced to solve the small-scale problems of the standard cold dark matter. In this paper, we investigate whether the physics of FDM, particularly the quantum pressure that leads to the suppression of structure formation on small scales, could leave significant imprints on the large-scale statistics of matter fluctuations. For this purpose, we utilize the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures (EFT of LSS), wherein small-scale physics is integrated and represented on large scales by only a set of free parameters. These parameters can be determined by fitting them into the cosmological simulations. By fitting the EFT predictions to the simulation data, we determine the value of the speed of sound as a quantitative measure of how UV physics affects large-scale perturbation. We use the Gadget-2 code to study the evolution of 512 ^3 particles in a box with a side length 250 h ^−1 Mpc. We exploit the suppressed FDM initial power for the FDM universe and perform N -body simulation sufficient to produce accurate—enough for our purpose—results on large scales. In particular, we perform three FDM simulations with different masses and compare their sound speed with the standard cold dark matter (CDM) simulation. We found no difference between the FDM and CDM sound speeds beyond the confidence intervals. However, a consistently increasing trend can be seen in the sound speed for lower masses. This result suggests further investigations using higher-resolution simulations

Multiple Field Ultra Slow Roll Inflation: Primordial Black Holes From Straight Bulk And Distorted Boundary

We study a model of two-field ultra-slow-roll (USR) inflation bounded by a curve in the field space. Curvature perturbations and non-Gaussianities can be enhanced both during the USR phase and from the inhomogeneities at the boundary. We employ the full non-linear $\delta N$ formalism to calculate the probability distribution function (PDF) for curvature perturbation non-perturbatively and show that the non-linear effects can significantly enhance the abundance of the primordial black holes (PBHs). For large curvature perturbations, the PDF has a universal exponential tail, but for the intermediate values, the PDF -- and, therefore, the abundance of the PBHs -- depend sensitively on the geometry of the boundary.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure