Reserve Requirements, Currency Substitution, and Seigniorage in the Transition to European Monetary Union

This article considers a transition toward European monetary union that combines increased substitution of currencies and greater monetary, financial, and fiscal policy coordination. It explores how such a transition would affect national inflation and interest rates and required reserve ratios when governments depend in part on seigniorage funding for public expenditures. We find that greater coordination of policies would lead to lower inflation and interest rates but higher reserve-requirement ratios. Because higher reserve-requirement ratios could place European banks at a competititve disadvantage, we conclude that the interaction between reserve requirements and seigniorage concerns makes it less likely that the gradualist approach of the Maastricht treaty is a sustainable means of transition to European union

The Effectiveness Of Project-Based Learning In Teaching Adult ESL Students How To Locate, Evaluate, And Use Evidence From Texts

This study built on previous research about the effectiveness of using Project-Based Learning in adult ESL classes. The study investigated whether a class project on U.S. careers could help students meet the College and Career Readiness (CCR) standards by learning how to extract, analyze, and use evidence from texts to support claims. The results of students\u27 pre-tests and post-tests and an examination of students\u27 writing showed that they improved in their acquisition of that skill during the semester-long project. Student survey responses and teacher observations also showed other positive results from the PBL approach. One possible limitation was the use of non-normed assessments. Future research should consider whether shorter, less intensive projects and projects with lower-proficiency level learners would show promising results

Native Americans and the Environment: From Stereotypes to Renewable Energy

I have looked at stereotypes regarding Native Americans and the environment and how those stereotypes can prove detrimental to Native Americans. One of the main reasons for this is because it removes the focus from many of the serious environmental problems that Native Americans have dealt with and continue to deal with in the United States and Canada. I have focused my research on environmental problems that many Native American communities have dealt with and are dealing with, such as uranium mining and pollution concerns. I have also researched green and renewable energy creation projects that are occurring on Native American lands. I believe that many Native American communities could benefit from the development of renewable energy production facilities on their lands. These facilities represent ways in which Native Americans can implement more control over their energy use as well as become energy providers for surrounding non- Indian communities. There is also the opportunity for better relationships to develop between Native and non-Native Governments. Education will also be key, and relatively safe and healthy jobs can be provided for Native Americans

Modified Scattering for the Schr\"odinger-Bopp-Podolsky Equation

We prove sharp $L^\infty$ decay and modified scattering for the Schr\"odinger-Bopp-Podolsky equation in $2$ and $3$ spatial dimensions with small initial data chosen from a weighted Sobolev space.Comment: 17 pages, comments welcome

Strengthening the Scientific Base for the Unambiguous Category II Fetal Heart Rate Tracing Algorithm.

Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

Co-treatment with conjugated linoleic acid and nitrite modulates mitochondrial respiration and electron transport chain activity in vivo and attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction during cardiac injury.

Cardiovascular disease and subsequent complications, such as myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of death within the United States. Clinical intervention to reduce cardiac damage following myocardial ischemia is limited. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been linked to an overall beneficial effect on cardiovascular health and function. Conjugated linoleic acid (cLA) is an 18:2 unsaturated fatty acid found within the diet in ruminant meat and dairy products. The cis-9 trans-11 isomer of cLA is the most prominent isomer within the diet and cLA has been linked to favorable outcomes in numerous disease states. The mechanism mediating the effects of cLA are still unclear but mitochondria appear to be playing a prominent role. Nitrite (NO2-) is a dietary source of nitric oxide (NO), as it is found within green leafy vegetables and it is linked to cardioprotection in ischemia reperfusion injury models. Alterations in mitochondrial function and electron transport chain enzymatic activity have been elucidated as the mechanisms mediating nitrite cardioprotection. However, recent clinical trials have reported no positive outcome in patients undergoing MI who have been supplemented with nitrite. A combination treatment of cLA and nitrite preserves cardiac function following MI, highlighting that the interaction between dietary constituents may influence cardioprotective effects. In the first step of this study, we examine whether the combination treatment of cLA and nitrite influenced mitochondrial respiration and electron transport chain activity under baseline conditions. In the second step of this study, we examine the impact of co-treatment with cLA and nitrite on mitochondrial function following MI and aging. Under baseline conditions, we found that co-administration of cLA and nitrite decreased mitochondrial respiration and complex III activity. Following MI, the co-treatment of cLA and nitrite attenuated MI-induced increases in mitochondrial respiration, complex III activity, and hydrogen peroxide levels. However, following aging the co-treatment was unable to restore aging induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These results demonstrate that in combination the dietary constituents, cLA and nitrite, are able to influence mitochondrial function under non-injury setting and following MI. Overall, this supports a role of mitochondria in the cardioprotective effects mediated by a combination treatment of cLA and nitrite

Japan

This ore is mined from a quartz vein which is refined by small seams of graphitic clay material, and the walls of the vein consist of a sort of graphitic shaley material. The above graphitic materials break down under treatment into a rather peculiar clay which was called primary colloidal slime. The milling process in use consists of stamp milling followed by the separation into sand and primary slime in Dorr Duplex Classifiers. The primary slime overflow from these classifiers, which is all practically thru 220 mesh, is thickened and treated by flotation. Normally and with a good supply of fresh water, flotation is satisfactory, but, in winter, when they were short of water and had to reclaim water from the mill pulp, using lime to settle it, the bad effect of the foul water on flotation was very marked. So long as they could keep the primary clay unflocculated, flotation was satisfactory but the pulp was sensitive and the least impurity in the water flocculated the slime immediately. With unflocculated pulp it was possible for them to flow off the tops of the thickeners a small quantity of colloidal clay. There was insufficient thickner capacity any way, and with flocculated pulp the overflowing colloidal clay then entangled and carried over with it rich sulfide minerals...The problem was to improve the flotation extraction when using neutral water and if possible to find out some means of obtaining satisfactory results when using reclaimed foul water which contained of course lime which had been added for settlement purposes --Milling Problem at the Plant of chosen Corporation Taiyudo Chosen (Korea), pages 15-16.|| Smelters are handicapped in the Japanese Empire in that there must be no damage done, by smelter gases, to the farm lands. The stack at this smelter is one of the highest in the world and is located out on a point of land extending into the sea so that no matter which way the wind blows, the smelter fumers are carried out over the water for 85% of the time. Most smelters have installed sulfuric acid plants and also are equipped with nitrogen fixation apparatus so that they are able to turn out sulfate of ammonia as a by-product. Modern smelting equipment is used thruout excepting at this particular plant they use the old style Japanese type of converter for removing the sulfur from the matte --Various Mining Activities in Japan, page 24

Trading One Danger for Another: Creating U.S. Tax Residency While Fleeing Violence at Home

Recent levels of violence in Mexico have caused certain of its citizens who do not hold permanent U.S. residency status (and who may not intend to reside in the United States permanently) to spend more time in the United States. By doing so, these individuals create the risk that they will become U.S. residents for U.S. tax purposes, thereby subjecting their income to worldwide taxation by the United States (as well as creating potential U.S. estate and gift tax issues). This paper explores whether there is relief available to such individuals under U.S. domestic law (the “substantial presence” test and its various exceptions). It also explores whether Mexican nationals can obtain relief from U.S. residency under the terms of the United States-Mexico income tax treaty. The paper concludes that it is less than clear whether relief is available; in particular, it is not clear whether the tax authorities or the courts may consider violence in the person’s home country in determining whether the individual is a U.S. tax resident. The paper then goes on to propose various statutory changes to the law to allow the tax authorities to provide relief and certainty on the question of U.S. tax residency to individuals who are present in the United States merely to avoid violence at home. The paper argues for such relief on the basis that imposing worldwide U.S. taxation and tax reporting obligations on Mexican nationals present in the United States merely to avoid danger at home is inequitable given the contributions of U.S. policy to the violence in Mexico