Amfibisch wonen in de delta

Alle signalen wijzen erop: onze manier van bouwen en wonen in de delta is op de lange termijn niet vol te houden. Onderzoeker milieutechnisch ontwerpen en universitair hoofddocent aan de TU Delft Fransje Hooimeijer pleit daarom voor een radicale herijking van het deltabeheer. Een ontwerpende, interdisciplinaire aanpak is de eerste stap om de Nederlandse delta in de toekomst veilig en leefbaar te houden. En ja, dat levert soms provocatieve ontwerpen op.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Environmental Technology and Desig

Is de Omgevingswet de katalysator van ontwerpen met de ondergrond?: Can the environmental law function as catalyst to design with the subsurface?

Sustainable urban design opens up the prospect of possible new futures for high-quality urban development where the subsoil has been integrated, utilized and exploited. This requires fundamental changes in spatial planning. The new Environmental Act helps with this. The use of boundary spanning objects – bridging boundaries between domains – and distributed agency – shared responsibility and connection between scale levels – can thereby ensure consistency and impact between scale levels. In the National and Provincial Environmental Visions, the embedding of the subsurface already seems to receive good attention, at the municipal level this is less so. In addition, there is a lack of boundary tension instruments at all scale levels.Environmental Technology and Desig

The Fine Dutch Tradition

Publication of the exhibition and symposium on water adaptive urban planning and architecture in Bangkok. The Urban Fine Dutch Tradition is a dynamic tradition of making urban designs using the parameters of the natural system – incorperating in an efficient way the hydrological cycle, the soil and subsurface conditions, technology and urban development opportunities. Sustainability is the capacity of making a sensible choice for enabling technology taking a perspective from the natural system to design the human system. Urban design is the trait-d’unions between the natural and the human system. The Dutch history of water management and urban design shows great examples of how this has been done until the Industrial Revolution. In the 20th century, segregation from the natural system took place, overruling it with manipulating technology. Today, a new relationship between technology, the natural system and urban design is sought for in order to responding to the changing climate and successively the hydrological system successively. This essay shows the evolution of this relationship in six phases. In every phase a short visit to Bangkok is made.UrbanismArchitecture and The Built Environmen

The tradition of making: Polder cities

Climate change brings larger and more frequent rainstorms and Dutch cities are confronted with water nuisance. The urban water systems are unable to deal with this change in the hydrological cycle in spite of the fact that the Dutch are dealing with this condition for centuries. The question is: What is the tradition of building in wet and soft soil conditions? There is a lack of systematic research into this matter and a base for future development is missing. This research fills this gap for the tasks in the polder. A framework of seven phases offers insight into the relation between the landscape, the available technology and urbanization per phase. It becomes clear that until the Industrial Revolution the “making” was at the base for the city “shape”. Since technology makes everything possible the “shape” is starting point made possible by technology and completely disconnected from the natural system of the landscape. The method of building-site preparation is crucial in the way the urban design is connected to the landscape as carrier of the hydrological system.UrbanismArchitectur

Rotterdam: A dynamic polder city in the Randstad

This chapter examines the case of Rotterdam as one of the most representative cities in the Randstad in dealing with water and adapting to the current challenges. The dynamics of the regional water system, which include groundwater and rainwater in combination with surface water in a lowland delta facing the North Sea, is crucial for the process of development and urbanisation of the Dutch polders. By creating the Waterstad area, Rotterdam took profit from its strategic position in the Randstad Delta. Van der Ham described eighth century period of time until the year 1000 as distinguished by ‘natural water management’, as nature ruled over culture. At the end of the nineteenth century, explosive urbanisation and technological prosperity put pressure on the polder cities. The manipulative era is marked by the introduction of the engine and electricity, which had an immense influence on the city and the water system.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Environmental Technology and Desig

Visie wordt wakker! Verkenning van de grondvesten van visie in stadsontwikkeling

De hedendaagse verandering in de water- en energiebalans door de klimaatontwikkelingen en het opraken van fossiele brandstoffen vraagt om een andere manier van – en een andere visie op en voor - stadsontwikkeling. Door de duurzaamheids- en klimaatopgave wordt hoe de stad “gemaakt” weer belangrijker omdat er aansluiting gemaakt moet worden met het natuurlijke systeem. De technologische oplossingen blijken niet robuust en flexibel en kosten uiteindelijk meer geld. In een visie op stadsontwikkeling is het betrekken van het “maken”, het betrekken van het natuurlijke systeem een kans. Door de ecologische en economische crisis is ook niet meer alles mogelijk, men gaat weer preciezer kijken naar de kosten en wat men wil. Ten aanzien van de maatschappelijke opgaven is het belangrijk energie, water en bodem in visies te betrekken. Dat is niet makkelijk want dat betekent dat de natuurlijke en technische condities een rol gaan spelen in het socio-economische plaatje, en hoe doe je dat? In deze paper wordt gekeken naar het verleden om een beter begrip te krijgen van wat een visie was of kan zijn wanneer de lijnen naar het maken korter zijn: hoe was de verbondenheid tussen visie en het maken in de vijftiende, zeventiende en negentiende eeuw? Wat ging er precies met de industriële revolutie verloren en wat betekende dat voor visie op stadsontwikkeling?UrbansimArchitecture and The Built Environmen

De stad van de toekomst wortelt in een gezonde bodem

De stad van de toekomst is een circulaire stad waar de toestand van de bodem cruciaal is voor de leefbaarheid en voor het succesvol doorvoeren van noodzakelijke transities. Gezien de huidige staat van de Nederlandse bodem is een gestructureerde aanpak nodig om de balans tussen boven- en ondergrond te herstellen.The city of the future is a circular city in which the condition of the soil is crucial to liveability and to the successful achievement of necessary transitions. Given the present condition of the soil in the Netherlands, a structure approach is needed to restore balance between subsurface and surface.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Environmental Technology and Desig

Rotterdam: Dynamic Polder City = Land + Water + Culture

The planning culture in the Netherlands is based on the experience of building cities on very wet and soft soils. The design of Dutch polder cities was from early on a balance between land and water: building site preparation. The relation between technological development and urban development can be ordered in six phases: natural (-1000), defensive (1000-1500), offensive (1500-1800), early manipulative (1800-1890), manipulative (1890-1990) and adaptive manipulative water management (1990-). Rotterdam is chosen to represent the heritage of the Dutch talent with regard to the design and construction of water and land into dynamic cities. This is important because awareness and knowledge about historical principles makes it possible to draw the line into the future.UrbanismArchitecture and The Built Environmen

Deltaic Megaforms: Project

Kenneth Frampton presented in the Raoul Wallenberg Memoria lecture in 1999 an overview of megastructures over time and space. He showed how megastructures respond to the landscape and are related to infrastructures. Especially the two examples in the Netherlands and Japan are interesting for relating the history and conceptualisation of megastructures to the deltaic conditions. Due to the technological approach in urbanisation the natural conditions have been neglected creating a new chaos between humans and nature. Besides the fact that the lecture by Frampton is extremely relevant today, it is also a lens towards this typology that we elaborate on by highlighting the history of the realisation of a deltaic megastructure. This can be taken as an example of extreme (landscape) engineering, which can be a way to respect and not trying to disturb nature. The megaform is therefore an urban landscape in its own merits, having a balanced but distant relation to nature. In this project section we elaborate the project by Jaap Bakema for Lage Land in Rotterdam. Here the original megastructure of the “mammoth” as a concept has been elaborated and developed as an urban neighborhood which is built in a typical ‘thick water’ polder of the Netherlands.Environmental Technology and Desig

Reloading Landscapes: Democratic and Autotrophic Landscape of Taranto

Cities are like “heterotrophic organisms” because they are dependent on inflows of air, water, food, matter, and energy. Unlike nature, they pollute their own habitat through the production of waste outflows and emissions, extending beyond their own footprint. Data on the ecological footprint of cities have quantified, emblematically, the imbalance between in- and outflows but also what remains: polluted air, water, and soil. The rapid growth of urbanization is a matter of serious concern, but as a part of new development, it can be turned around with an approach in which cities become an “autotrophic organism”. In 2012 Taranto, a coastal city in Southern Italy with an important commercial and military port, was declared as the city “with the highest risk of environmental crisis” in Italy due to a large industrial area developed in the proximity of a highly populated urban settlement. The cause of pollution, a steel production plant, directly employs approximately 12.000 people and another 8.000 contractors indirectly, making it Taranto’s main economic driver. The conflict between economy and environment in the city of Taranto, make it a peculiar case study to be approached with the concept of a Democratic Landscape. This concept reads the territory beyond the natural environment, also recognizing the wellbeing of the inhabitants. After the analysis of a Democratic Landscape in relation to the concept of an “autotrophic organism”, this contribution explores the transformation by regeneration of the ecosystem and the economic regime. In redeveloping a city like Taranto, changing its function from a heterotrophic organism to an autotroph organism, the approach of the so-called “linking open-loop system circularity” is more appropriate. It more adequately describes the system than what is commonly understood for circularity at the building scale of “reduce, reuse, recycle of resources”. Circularity as an attitude brings together many elements that can be considered generic for each project: it can be about recycling or reuse, cutting costs or time, and output of CO2 through reducing material inflow and the transport of materials. In the context of the Democratic Landscape and an autotropic organism, the approach of “linking open-loop system circularity” is tested on two scales in Taranto. One, on the large scale, proposing multiple reuses of agricultural crops after remediation and two, at the local scale, in rebuilding a portion of the city by reusing the demolished buildings materials. The need to rethink and redesign the flow of resources such as building materials, water, food, and energy is essential to the future sustainability of cities. It involves thinking about how to use existing resources rather than dispose of them as in the linear model. It also means establishing new economic models in order to make a sustainable city, flows of intelligent growth and the creation of an identity for a communal sense of belonging. Together, these create a democratic, autotrophic landscape that can sustain a future.Environmental Technology and DesignUrban Desig