Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s) and its Impact on Employment

Special economic zones (sez’s) denote geographical area which enjoys special privileges as compared with nonsez area in country. The main motivation was force for a view to boost exports by attracting both India andforeign corporate to undertake investment in these areas. An approach of planning commission to the 11th fiveyear plan in (2006). wide explanation that the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have been recognized as animportant mechanism for trade and investment promotion, creation of infrastructure, employment generation,promotion of regional development, increase in foreign exchange earnings, improving export competitivenessand transfer of skills and technology.Keywords: Special economic zones (sez’s), employment generation, investment, Developmen

Impact of Environmental Change on Agriculture Production and Groundwater Depletion: Adaptation Strategies in Response to Farmers in Maharashtra

Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather and because farmer and rural people involved in agriculture. Close relationship between Environmental Change and Agriculture production, both of which take place on a worldwide scale. The Maharashtra agriculture sector is already facing many problems relating to sustainability. Occurrence and intensity of drought have increased over the years in Maharashtra. Drought is a major challenge in Maharashtra Agriculture (e.g., rainfed cropping and livestock) is the major income activity of over 60% of the state's population. The impact of a changing climate will affect not only bulk water availability, but also worsen the extremes of drought Groundwater depletion can lead to a significant reduction in agricultural production. Groundwater depletion can have implications for human being as this can increase the cost of production of the farmers.Groundwater over-exploitation problems because growing water crisis facing of farmer in Maharashtra. Examine that if productivity of water is to be enhanced on a sustainable basis through technological interventions. We argue integrated water management for sustainable management of groundwater resources and improving the livelihoods of the farmer communities in Maharashtra, sustainable enhancements in the economic efficiency of water use in agriculture based on water-saving technologies that are adaptable strategy in the state. Farmers deliberately adapting to climate change are innovative and independent of government support. Rainwater -harvesting techniques are the most popular risk management and adaptation strategy used sustained. We Examines this study indicate that government policies must be informed and guided by the risks and opportunities faced by farmers.The objective of this paper is to identify climate change related threats and vulnerabilities associated with agriculture as a sector and farmers' livelihoods (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity of farmers). The paper analyses the connections between the nature of human action as drivers of threats as well as opportunities for sustainable agriculture and better human well being outcomes. Also, it examines the impact of climate change on rural livelihoods, agriculture production. It will discuss the ground water depletion options for adaptation strategy and mitigation of these measures. It shows linkages between Environmental Change and Agriculture production using Granger Causality test. Keywords: Environmental change, Water, Agriculture production, Adaptation, Granger Causality test. JEL Code: Q22, P28, C11, Q540, Q560

THE IMPACT OF PERMEABILITY ENHANCERS ON ASSESSMENT FOR MONOLAYER OF COLON ADENOCARCINOMA CELL LINE (CACO-2) USED IN IN VITRO PERMEABILITY ASSAY

The leading goal in new drug discovery is to have orally bioavailable drug. Poor permeability is one of the reasons for the poor bioavailability of several New Chemical Entities (NCEs). Permeability assessment using in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model is considered to be excellent model for screening of NCEs. Permeability enhancers can increase the permeability of compounds by paracellular or transcellular route. There are limitations to use the permeability enhancers due to concentration dependent toxic effect on cell monolayer, several times wrong interpretation can be made due to disrupted cell monolayer integrity. This study was performed on Caco-2 cell monolayer to identify optimal levels of commonly used permeability enhancers which does not cause any damage to the cell monolayer. The assessment involved pre and post TEER measurement and leak test using Lucifer yellow (LY) rejection assay. Total 16 permeability enhancers were tested and optimum levels were as per parenthesis: peanut oil (10%), Cremphore EL,  Miglyol 812, Oleic acid, Propylene glycol (1%), Capmul MCM C8 EP, glycerol, Labrasol, MC8-2, PEG 400, Polysorbate 80, Sporiol TPGS, Transcutol (0.1% ), Capmul , Solutol (0.01% ) and for PPS (0 .0001%). It was important to determine the optimal levels of each permeability enhancer to avoid any false positive results. Keywords: Permeability enhancers, Caco-2 cell line, TEER, % LY rejection, Tight Junction

DFT study of the complex diffusion of oxygen in cobalt & Machine learning of ab-initio energy landscapes for crystal structure predictions

Point defects in solids are important because they can have a large influence on the mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. One of the most ubiquitous defects in metals is oxygen. Here, we use DFT to show that all three stable phases of cobalt display complex defect structures in the presence of oxygen. We calculate defect formation energies and migration barriers to elucidate the dominant diffusion mechanisms in these systems. In close packed hcp and fcc cobalt, we find that oxygen interstitials strongly reacts with vacancies to form split-vacancy centers, which provide an alternate diffusion mechanism for vacancies and oxygen. Diffusion in epsilon-cobalt follows a completely different route, occurring via a concerted indirect-exchange mechanism. We also present a machine learning approach for quick and accurate prediction of formation energies of compounds in the context of crystal structure predictions. Typical methods such as genetic algorithms often rely on DFT codes to perform such calculations at a relatively high computational cost. We illustrate a new means of representing crystal structures using radial and angular distribution functions and demonstrate two machine learning models capable of yielding low prediction errors of a few meV across the entire composition and phase space in binary systems. The high predictive accuracies make our models excellent candidates for the exploration of energy landscapes

Fine-pitch Cu-snag die-to-die and die-to-interposer interconnections using advanced slid bonding

Multi-chip integration with emerging technologies such as a 3D IC stack or 2.5D interposer is primarily enabled by the off-chip interconnections. The I/O density, speed and bandwidth requirements for emerging mobile and high-performance systems are projected to drive the interconnection pitch to less than 20 microns by 2015. A new class of low-temperature, low-pressure, high-throughput, cost-effective and maufacturable technologies are needed to enable such fine-pitch interconnections. A range of interconnection technologies are being pursued to achieve these fine-pitch interconnections, most notably direct Cu-Cu interconnections and copper pillars with solder caps. Direct Cu-Cu bonding has been a target in the semiconductor industry due to the high electrical and thermal conductivity of copper, its high current-carrying capability and compatibility with CMOS BEOL processes. However, stringent coplanarity requirements and high temperature and high pressure bonding needed for assembly have been the major barriers for this technology. Copper-solder interconnection technology has therefore become the main workhouse for off-chip interconnections, and has recently been demonstrated at pitches as low as 40 microns. However, the current interconnection approaches using copper-solder structures are not scalable to finer feature sizes due to electromigration, and reliability issues arising with decreased solder content. Solid Liquid Inter-Diffusion (SLID) bonding is a promising solution to achieve ultra-fine-pitch and ultra-short interconnections with a copper-solder system, as it relies on the conversion of the entire solder volume into thermally-stable and highly electromigration-resistant intermetallics with no residual solder. Such a complete conversion of solders to stable intermetallics, however, relies on a long assembly time or a subsequent post-annealing process. To achieve pitches lower than 30 micron pitch, this research aims to study two ultra-short copper-solder interconnection approaches: (i) copper pillar and solder cap technology, and (ii) a novel technology which will enable interconnections with improved electrical performance by fast and complete conversion of solders to stable intermetallics (IMCs) using Solid Liquid Diffusion (SLID) bonding approach. SLID bonding, being a liquid state diffusion process, combined with a novel, alternate layered copper-solder bump structure, leads to higher diffusion rates and a much faster conversion of solder to IMCs. Moreover this assembly bonding is done at a much lower temperature and pressure as compared to that used for Cu-Cu interconnections. FEM was used to study the effect of various assembly and bump-design characteristics on the post-assembly stress distribution in the ultra-short copper-solder joints, and design guidelines were evolved based on these results. Test vehicles, based on these guidelines, were designed and fabricated at 50 and 100 micron pitch for experimental analysis. The bumping process was optimized, and the effect of current density on the solder composition, bump-height non-uniformity and surface morphology of the deposited solder were studied. Ultra-short interconnections formed using the copper pillar and solder cap technology were characterized. A novel multi-layered copper-solder stack was designed based on diffusion modeling to optimize the bump stack configuration for high-throughput conversion to stable Cu3Sn intermetallic. Following this modeling, a novel bumping process with alternating copper and tin plating layers to predesigned thicknesses was then developed to fabricate the interconnection structure. Alternate layers of copper and tin were electroplated on a blanket wafer, as a first demonstration of this stack-technology. Dies with copper-solder test structures were bonded using SLID bonding to validate the formation of stable intermetallics.M.S

Gadolinium-Based Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement Agent Enhances Sensitivity for NUS Multidimensional NMR-Based Metabolomics

Gadolinium is a paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) agent that accelerates the relaxation of metabolite nuclei. In this study, we noted the ability of gadolinium to improve the sensitivity of two-dimensional, non-uniform sampled NMR spectral data collected from metabolomics samples. In time-equivalent experiments, the addition of gadolinium increased the mean signal intensity measurement and the signal-to-noise ratio for metabolite resonances in both standard and plasma samples. Gadolinium led to highly linear intensity measurements that correlated with metabolite concentrations. In the presence of gadolinium, we were able to detect a broad array of metabolites with a lower limit of detection and quantification in the low micromolar range. We also observed an increase in the repeatability of intensity measurements upon the addition of gadolinium. The results of this study suggest that the addition of a gadolinium-based PRE agent to metabolite samples can improve NMR-based metabolomics

Dft Study Of The Kinetics Of Chemical Transformation Of Cobalt To Cobalt Oxides And Sulfides

DFT was used to study the chemical transformation of [epsilon]-Co into its oxides and sulfides. Defect formation energies and migration barriers were calculated to determine the diffusion activation energies. Combining these results with experimental data allowed us to elucidate the dominant diffusion mechanisms in these systems. It was found that transformation from [epsilon]-Co to CoO occurs via an indirect-exchange mechanism, with Co atoms diffusing outwards and O atoms diffusing inwards. Once CoO forms, the mechanism changes; Co atoms diffuse outwards faster, forming a void inside. We looked at the Co-N, Co-F and Co-S systems to study the exciting indirectexchange mechanism in greater detail. Our observations helped us explain the mechanism lucidly, and predict that such a mechanism might be active in Co-N as well. We also studied an interesting anion-exchange reaction. We observed that Co and O atoms diffuse outwards, while S atoms hardly move, as CoO NPs transform to Co3S4