What influences people to choose ridesharing? An overview of the literature

Ridesharing is a shared mobility service in which passengers and drivers with similar origins and destinations are matched to travel in the same vehicle. This service utilises unused seats in vehicles and multi-passenger rides to reduce the cost of travel. To promote ridesharing, both service providers and policymakers should carefully analyse passenger adoption behaviour to support future decision-making and planning. In this paper, 80 studies on passenger ridesharing behaviour published since 2004 are reviewed. The motivating factors and barriers are analysed and classified in terms of demographic factors, psychological factors, and situational factors, and boundary conditions are included. The work provides a corresponding research framework on ridesharing behaviour. Finally, the current literature gaps are summarised and research recommendations are provided. This study provides a comprehensive and systematic research basis for ridesharing studies, and presents important theoretical and practical contributions to guide sustainable ridesharing behaviour

Immune modulatory roles of radioimmunotherapy: biological principles and clinical prospects

Radiation therapy (RT) not only can directly kill tumor cells by causing DNA double-strand break, but also exerts anti-tumor effects through modulating local and systemic immune responses. The immunomodulatory effects of RT are generally considered as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, RT effectively enhances the immunogenicity of tumor cells, triggers type I interferon response, induces immunogenic cell death to activate immune cell function, increases the release of proinflammatory factors, and reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby positively promoting anti-tumor immune responses. On the other hand, RT stimulates tumor cells to express immunosuppressive cytokines, upregulates the function of inhibitory immune cells, leads to lymphocytopenia and depletion of immune effector cells, and thus negatively suppresses immune responses. Nonetheless, it is notable that RT has promising abscopal effects and may achieve potent synergistic effects, especially when combined with immunotherapy in the daily clinical practice. This systematic review will provide a comprehensive profile of the latest research progress with respect to the immunomodulatory effects of RT, as well as the abscopal effect of radioimmunotherapy combinations, from the perspective of biological basis and clinical practice

Feasibility of flattening filter free beams for hippocampal avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy: a dosimetric and radiobiological analysis

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of the flattening filter free (FFF) mode of a linear accelerator for patients with hippocampal avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy (HA-WBRT) by comparison with flattened beams (FF) technique in the application of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using dosimetric and radiobiological indexes based on the volume of hippocampus and target.Methods2 VMAT- and 2 IMRT- plans were optimized in Eclipse planning system with 2 different delivery modes (6 MV standard vs. 6 MV FFF) for each of 25 patients. Dose distributions of the target and organs at risk (OARs), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of the hippocampus, monitor units, treatment time and quality assurance results were evaluated to compare the normal and FFF beam characteristics by Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test with a significance level of 0.05.ResultsVMAT-FFF provided the significantly best homogeneity and conformity of the target, delivered the lowest dose to hippocampus and the other OARs, and led to the lowest NTCP of the hippocampus among all modalities, which has the potential to alleviate neurocognitive decline after WBRT. IMRT-FFF reduced the dose to the lens with similar dose distributions of the target compared with IMRT-FF, whereas the lower dose to the hippocampus was achieved using the conventional beams. The monitor units were obviously increased by 19.2% for VMAT and 33.8% for IMRT, when FFF beams w ere used. The removal of flattening filter for IMRT resulted in a 26% reduction in treatment time, but VMAT had the similar treatment time for the two modes owing to the limitation of gantry rotation speed. Gamma analysis showed an excellent agreement for all plans at 3%/2 mm, and no statistical differences were found between FF and FFF.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study suggests that FFF mode is feasible and advantageous in HA-WBRT and VMAT-FFF is the optimal solution in terms of dose distribution of the target, OARs sparing, NTCP of the hippocampus and delivery efficiency compared to the other three techniques. Additionally, the advantages of the FFF technique for VMAT are more prominent in cases with small hippocampal volumes

Community Structure Characterization

This entry discusses the problem of describing some communities identified in a complex network of interest, in a way allowing to interpret them. We suppose the community structure has already been detected through one of the many methods proposed in the literature. The question is then to know how to extract valuable information from this first result, in order to allow human interpretation. This requires subsequent processing, which we describe in the rest of this entry

Study on Risk Management of Green Asset Securitization in Longyuan Power

In recent years, with the continuous attention and construction of the combination of environmental protection and economic benefits at the national level, green economy has become the focus of attention in the current industry. The green industry dominated by pollution prevention, resource recycling, new energy technology and other industries can make up for the lack of financing ability of enterprises mainly in green industry in traditional banks and capital markets. As an important part of green economy, green asset securitization is developing into a bridge. It is connecting social capital and green industrial enterprises. Green asset securitization will bring more powerful economic support to the development of enterprises. This paper takes China’s green industrial enterprise Longyuan Power Group Co., Ltd. as an example to analyze the risks of green asset securitization to the enterprise and the risk management measures. Focusing on the practice, the paper studies the development status and future trend of green asset securitization on enterprises

Visualization and Analysis of Mapping Knowledge Domain of Urban Vitality Research

Mapping knowledge domain (MKD) is an important research technology in bibliometrics. It provides a visual perspective for researchers and helps researchers to clearly understand the general situations of specific research fields. Presently, MKD has been widely used in fields such as ecology and transportation safety. In this paper, we conduct a systematically bibliometric analysis of the development trend on urban vitality research by using VOSviewer software, and this work is based on the related articles published in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) between 1998 and 2018. In the implementation, we firstly introduce the annual numbers of articles, source journals, highly cited papers, and production countries relating to urban vitality research. Then, we adopt a keywords co-occurrence analysis to explore the topic distribution, research frontiers, and research trends of urban vitality research intuitively. Overall, the Mapped Knowledge Domain method has proved to be an effective way to assess research trends in specific disciplines and to contribute to researchers and governments with respect to management and decision-making on issues of science

Urban Vitality Evaluation and Spatial Correlation Research: A Case Study from Shanghai, China

Urban vitality is the primary driver of urban development. However, assessing urban vitality has always been a challenge. This paper builds on the research framework of sustainable development evaluation and selects evaluation indicators from the three systems of urban operation: economy, society, and environment. The deviation maximization (DM) method is used to evaluate urban vitality. Shanghai is then used as a case study for evaluation, and the comprehensive index of urban vitality is calculated for the city from 2010 to 2019. The evaluation results indicate that the urban vitality of Shanghai experienced a significant upward trend over ten years (2010–2019), which shows that the urban competitiveness of Shanghai is constantly strengthening. Next, the study focuses on the administrative region of Shanghai, to calculate the regional vitality level of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 and to explore its spatial distribution characteristics. Then, a spatial autocorrelation analysis is used to explore the mechanism that affects the spatial distribution of urban vitality. The results demonstrate that the urban vitality in Shanghai shows a significant positive correlation in space. Moreover, there is a “High–High” gathering area, which includes Huangpu, Xuhui, Hongkou, and Changning in central area of Shanghai. This research provides a theoretical reference to support effective decision-making with respect to high-quality urban development

Effect of surface treatment and synergistic effect of O and S elements on hot corrosion behavior of GH738 superalloy

The hot corrosion behavior of GH738 superalloy after solution heat treated (SHT), room temperature machining (RTM) and low temperature burnishing (LTB) coated mixed salt (25% NaCl + 75% Na2SO4) on its surface was investigated at 700 °C. The results showed that the surface grain refinement of the LTB specimens and produced numerous multiple nano-twins, which was conducive to the diffusion of Cr and Al elements from the inside to the outside of the matrix. Dense and continuous Cr2O3 and Al2O3 layers were formed on the surface of the corrosion product layer and between the external corrosion layer and the surface of the matrix, respectively, which improved the hot corrosion resistance. The mechanism of the synergistic effect between O and S elements during corrosion process was found. The sulfide (SO3) reacted with the alloy elements in the matrix to form metal oxides and S, and this process promoted the diffusion of O element into the matrix. The O2 entering the internal corrosion layer and the O2 generated by the decomposition of SO3 together cause the partial pressure of oxygen in the matrix to rise, promoting the reoxidation of the metal sulfide to release S element. The oxygen in the matrix is consumed, resulting in the decrease of oxygen partial pressure. This leads to the reaction between S element and metallic elements with strong affinity to generate metal sulfide (such as TiS). In this process, O element promotes the diffusion of S element to the matrix

Urban Vitality Evaluation and Spatial Correlation Research: A Case Study from Shanghai, China

Urban vitality is the primary driver of urban development. However, assessing urban vitality has always been a challenge. This paper builds on the research framework of sustainable development evaluation and selects evaluation indicators from the three systems of urban operation: economy, society, and environment. The deviation maximization (DM) method is used to evaluate urban vitality. Shanghai is then used as a case study for evaluation, and the comprehensive index of urban vitality is calculated for the city from 2010 to 2019. The evaluation results indicate that the urban vitality of Shanghai experienced a significant upward trend over ten years (2010–2019), which shows that the urban competitiveness of Shanghai is constantly strengthening. Next, the study focuses on the administrative region of Shanghai, to calculate the regional vitality level of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 and to explore its spatial distribution characteristics. Then, a spatial autocorrelation analysis is used to explore the mechanism that affects the spatial distribution of urban vitality. The results demonstrate that the urban vitality in Shanghai shows a significant positive correlation in space. Moreover, there is a “High–High” gathering area, which includes Huangpu, Xuhui, Hongkou, and Changning in central area of Shanghai. This research provides a theoretical reference to support effective decision-making with respect to high-quality urban development