Review of state-of-the-art wireless technologies and applications in smart cities

There are increasing preferences to employ wireless communication technologies for high mobility, high scalability and low-cost applications in smart city development. This paper gives a brief synopsis of typical wireless technologies in smart city applications and the comparison analysis between them. The trend for smart city wireless technology is also presented. Examples, for several key applications within smart city development (healthcare, smart grid, localization) are studied and current advanced solutions supporting these applications are summarized with futuristic trends and demands are presented

A time-synchronized ZigBee building network for smart water management

Water management is an important issue in economics and environment. Recently, amount of water control system has been proposed and developed. For the type of intelligent water control, the related parameters will be the input of the control system. Hence, there is a need of developing a scalable, flexible and reliable sensor network for related parameters monitoring. To install and replace water sensors in building networks, wireless connection will be the first priority. However, improper time synchronization in the network will cause packet loss and long latency which degrades the network performance. In this paper, time-synchronized ZigBee building network (TS-ZBN) is proposed for water management. The nodeto-node time synchronization is proposed. The concept is to calculate the clock difference by studying the propagation delay model. The simulation result shows that the mean synchronization error and variance are low