12,332 research outputs found
Numerical simulation of the optimal two-mode attacks for two-way continuous-variable quantum cryptography in reverse reconciliation
We analyze the security of the two-way continuous-variable quantum key
distribution protocol in reverse reconciliation against general two-mode
attacks, which represent all accessible attacks at fixed channel parameters.
Rather than against one specific attack model, the expression of secret key
rates of the two-way protocol are derived against all accessible attack models.
It is found that there is an optimal two-mode attack to minimize the
performance of the protocol in terms of both secret key rates and maximal
transmission distances. We identify the optimal two-mode attack, give the
specific attack model of the optimal two-mode attack and show the performance
of the two-way protocol against the optimal two-mode attack. Even under the
optimal two-mode attack, the performances of two-way protocol are still better
than the corresponding one-way protocol, which shows the advantage of making a
double use of the quantum channel and the potential of long-distance secure
communication using two-way protocol.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Improvement of two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution with virtual photon subtraction
We propose a method to improve the performance of two-way continuous-variable
quantum key distribution protocol by virtual photon subtraction. The Virtual
photon subtraction implemented via non-Gaussian post-selection not only
enhances the entanglement of two-mode squeezed vacuum state but also has
advantages in simplifying physical operation and promoting efficiency. In
two-way protocol, virtual photon subtraction could be applied on two sources
independently. Numerical simulations show that the optimal performance of
renovated two-way protocol is obtained with photon subtraction only used by
Alice. The transmission distance and tolerable excess noise are improved by
using the virtual photon subtraction with appropriate parameters. Moreover, the
tolerable excess noise maintains a high value with the increase of distance so
that the robustness of two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution
system is significantly improved, especially at long transmission distance.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure
Optimum Combination of Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium and Fetal Bovine Serum for Culture of Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes in Three-Dimensional Alginate Scaffolds
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been reported to affect chondrocyte biosynthesis in monolayer culture. Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS) was investigated as a partial replacement for FBS during in vitro culture of rabbit articular chondrocytes in three-dimensional alginate scaffold. Chondrocyte-seeded alginate hydrogels were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus 10% FBS, 1% ITS plus 2% FBS, 1% ITS plus 4% FBS, or 1% ITS plus 8% FBS. At designed time point, the Chondrocyte-seeded alginate hydrogels were harvested and evaluated with histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative gene expression analysis. Viable cell density and cell division were also evaluated. Chondrocytes biosynthesis and cell division in 1% ITS with 2% FBS medium were similar to that in medium added with 10% FBS. For a total culture of 3 weeks, phenotypic gene expression in chondrocyte-seeded hydrogels was maintained at high levels in medium with 1% ITS plus 2% FBS, while it was decreased to varying degrees in the other groups. In conclusion, with 1% ITS, medium with 2% FBS could promote chondrocyte biosynthesis and cell division, and prevented cell dedifferentiation in three-dimensional alginate scaffolds
Finite-size analysis of continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
We study the impact of the finite-size effect on the continuous-variable
measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) protocol,
mainly considering the finite-size effect on the parameter estimation
procedure. The central-limit theorem and maximum likelihood estimation theorem
are used to estimate the parameters. We also analyze the relationship between
the number of exchanged signals and the optimal modulation variance in the
protocol. It is proved that when Charlie's position is close to Bob, the CV-MDI
QKD protocol has the farthest transmission distance in the finite-size
scenario. Finally, we discuss the impact of finite-size effects related to the
practical detection in the CV-MDI QKD protocol. The overall results indicate
that the finite-size effect has a great influence on the secret key rate of the
CV-MDI QKD protocol and should not be ignored.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure
Continuous and discontinous compressible flows in a converging-diverging channel solved by physics-informed neural networks without data
Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are employed to solve the classical
compressible flow problem in a converging-diverging nozzle. This problem
represents a typical example described by the Euler equations, thorough
understanding of which serves as a guide for solving more general compressible
flows. Given a geometry of the channel, analytical solutions for the steady
states indeed exist and they depend on the ratio between the back pressure of
the outlet and stagnation pressure of the inlet. Moreover, in the diverging
region, the solution may branch into subsonic flow, supersonic flow, and a
mixture of both with a discontinuous transition where a normal shock takes
place. Classical numerical schemes with shock-fitting/capturing methods have
been designed to solve this type of problem effectively, whereas the original
PINNs fail in front of the hyperbolic non-linear partial differential
equations. We make a first attempt to exploit the power of PINNs to directly
solve this problem by adjusting the weights of different components of the loss
function, to acquire physical solutions and meanwhile avoid trivial solutions.
With a universal setting yet no exogenous data, we are able to solve this
problem accurately, that is, for different given pressure ratios PINNs provide
different branches of solutions at both steady and unsteady states, some of
which are discontinuous in nature
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